Fonts in X11R7.7

Juliusz Chroboczek

   <jch@freedesktop.org>

   X Version 11, Release 7.7

   16 March 2012
     __________________________________________________________

   Table of Contents

   Introduction

        Two font systems

   Installing fonts

        Configuring Xft
        Configuring the core X11 fonts system

   Fonts included with X11R7.7

        Standard bitmap fonts
        The ClearlyU Unicode font family
        Standard scalable fonts
        The Bigelow & Holmes Luxi family

   More about core fonts

        Core fonts and internationalisation
        Additional notes about scalable core fonts

   Appendix: background and terminology

        Characters and glyphs
        Font files, fonts, and XLFD
        Unicode

   References

Introduction

   This document describes the support for fonts in X11R7.7.
   Installing fonts is aimed at the casual user wishing to install
   fonts in X11R7.7 the rest of the document describes the font
   support in more detail.

   We assume some familiarity with digital fonts. If anything is
   not clear to you, please consult Appendix: background and
   terminology at the end of this document for background
   information.

Two font systems

   X11 includes two font systems: the original core X11 fonts
   system, which is present in all implementations of X11, and the
   Xft fonts system, which may not yet be distributed with
   implementations of X11 that are not based on either XFree86 or
   X11R6.8 or later.

   The core X11 fonts system is directly derived from the fonts
   system included with X11R1 in 1987, which could only use
   monochrome bitmap fonts. Over the years, it has been more or
   less happily coerced into dealing with scalable fonts and
   rotated glyphs.

   Xft was designed from the start to provide good support for
   scalable fonts, and to do so efficiently. Unlike the core fonts
   system, it supports features such as anti-aliasing and
   sub-pixel rasterisation. Perhaps more importantly, it gives
   applications full control over the way glyphs are rendered,
   making fine typesetting and WYSIWIG display possible. Finally,
   it allows applications to use fonts that are not installed
   system-wide for displaying documents with embedded fonts.

   Xft is not compatible with the core fonts system: usage of Xft
   requires fairly extensive changes to toolkits (user-interface
   libraries). While X.Org will continue to maintain the core
   fonts system, toolkit authors are encouraged to switch to Xft
   as soon as possible.

Installing fonts

   This section explains how to configure both Xft and the core
   fonts system to access newly-installed fonts.

Configuring Xft

   Xft has no configuration mechanism itself, it relies upon the
   fontconfig library to configure and customise fonts. That
   library is not specific to the X Window system, and does not
   rely on any particular font output mechanism.

Installing fonts in Xft

   Fontconfig looks for fonts in a set of well-known directories
   that include all of X11R7.7's standard font directories
   ("/usr/share/fonts/X11/*") by default) as well as a directory
   called ".fonts/" in the user's home directory. Installing a
   font for use by Xft applications is as simple as copying a font
   file into one of these directories.
$ cp lucbr.ttf ~/.fonts/

   Fontconfig will notice the new font at the next opportunity and
   rebuild its list of fonts. If you want to trigger this update
   from the command line, you may run the command "fc-cache".
$ fc-cache

   In order to globally update the system-wide Fontconfig
   information on Unix systems, you will typically need to run
   this command as root:
$ su -c fc-cache

Fine-tuning Xft

   Fontconfig's behaviour is controlled by a set of configuration
   files: a standard configuration file, "/etc/fonts/fonts.conf",
   a host-specific configuration file, "/etc/fonts/local.conf",
   and a user-specific file called ".fonts.conf" in the user's
   home directory (this can be overridden with the
   "FONTCONFIG_FILE" environment variable).

   Every Fontconfig configuration file must start with the
   following boilerplate:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
<fontconfig>

   In addition, every Fontconfig configuration file must end with
   the following line:
</fontconfig>

   The default Fontconfig configuration file includes the
   directory "~/.fonts/" in the list of directories searched for
   font files, and this is where user-specific font files should
   be installed. In the unlikely case that a new font directory
   needs to be added, this can be done with the following syntax:
<dir>/usr/local/share/fonts/</dir>

   Another useful option is the ability to disable anti-aliasing
   (font smoothing) for selected fonts. This can be done with the
   following syntax:
<match target="font">
    <test qual="any" name="family">
        <string>Lucida Console</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="antialias" mode="assign">
        <bool>false</bool>
    </edit>
</match>

   Anti-aliasing can be disabled for all fonts by the following
   incantation:
<match target="font">
    <edit name="antialias" mode="assign">
        <bool>false</bool>
    </edit>
</match>

   Xft supports sub-pixel rasterisation on LCD displays. X11R7.7
   should automatically enable this feature on laptops and when
   using an LCD monitor connected with a DVI cable; you can check
   whether this was done by typing
$ xdpyinfo -ext RENDER | grep sub-pixel

   If this doesn't print anything, you will need to configure
   Render for your particular LCD hardware manually; this is done
   with the following syntax:
<match target="font">
    <edit name="rgba" mode="assign">
        <const>rgb</const>
    </edit>
</match>

   The string "rgb" within the "<const>"..."</const>" specifies
   the order of pixel components on your display, and should be
   changed to match your hardware; it can be one of "rgb" (normal
   LCD screen), "bgr" (backwards LCD screen), "vrgb" (LCD screen
   rotated clockwise) or "vbgr" (LCD screen rotated
   counterclockwise).

Configuring applications

   A growing number of applications use Xft in preference to the
   core fonts system. Some applications, however, need to be
   explicitly configured to use Xft.

   A case in point is XTerm, which can be set to use Xft by using
   the "-fa" command line option or by setting the
   "XTerm*faceName" resource:
XTerm*faceName: Courier

   or
$ xterm -fa "Courier"

   For KDE applications, you should select "Anti-alias fonts" in
   the "Fonts" panel of KDE's "Control Center". Note that this
   option is misnamed: it switches KDE to using Xft but doesn't
   enable anti-aliasing in case it was disabled by your Xft
   configuration file.

   Gnome applications and Mozilla Firefox will use Xft by default.

Configuring the core X11 fonts system

   Installing fonts in the core system is a two step process.
   First, you need to create a font directory that contains all
   the relevant font files as well as some index files. You then
   need to inform the X server of the existence of this new
   directory by including it in the font path.

Installing bitmap fonts

   The X11R7.7 server can use bitmap fonts in both the
   cross-platform BDF format and the somewhat more efficient
   binary PCF format. (X11R7.7 also supports the obsolete SNF
   format.)

   Bitmap fonts are normally distributed in the BDF format. Before
   installing such fonts, it is desirable (but not absolutely
   necessary) to convert the font files to the PCF format. This is
   done by using the command "bdftopcf", e.g.
$ bdftopcf courier12.bdf

   You may then want to compress the resulting PCF font files:
$ gzip courier12.pcf

   After the fonts have been converted, you should copy all the
   font files that you wish to make available into a arbitrary
   directory, say "/usr/local/share/fonts/bitmap/". You should
   then create the index file "fonts.dir" by running the command
   "mkfontdir" (please see the mkfontdir(1) manual page for more
   information):
$ mkdir /usr/local/share/fonts/bitmap/
$ cp *.pcf.gz /usr/local/share/fonts/bitmap/
$ mkfontdir /usr/local/share/fonts/bitmap/

   All that remains is to tell the X server about the existence of
   the new font directory; see Setting the server's font path
   below.

Installing scalable fonts

   The X11R7.7 server supports scalable fonts in multiple formats,
   including Type 1, TrueType, and OpenType/CFF. (Earlier versions
   of X11 also included support for the Speedo and CID scalable
   font formats, but that is not included in current releases.)

   Installing scalable fonts is very similar to installing bitmap
   fonts: you create a directory with the font files, and run
   "mkfontdir" to create an index file called "fonts.dir".

   There is, however, a big difference: "mkfontdir" cannot
   automatically recognise scalable font files. For that reason,
   you must first index all the font files in a file called
   "fonts.scale". While this can be done by hand, it is best done
   by using the "mkfontscale" utility.
$ mkfontscale /usr/local/share/fonts/Type1/
$ mkfontdir /usr/local/share/fonts/Type1/

   Under some circumstances, it may be necessary to modify the
   "fonts.scale" file generated by mkfontscale; for more
   information, please see the mkfontdir(1) and mkfontscale(1)
   manual pages and Core fonts and internationalisation later in
   this document.

CID-keyed fonts

   The CID-keyed font format was designed by Adobe Systems for
   fonts with large character sets. The CID-keyed format is
   obsolete, as it has been superseded by other formats such as
   OpenType/CFF and support for CID-keyed fonts has been removed
   from X11.

Setting the server's font path

   The list of directories where the server looks for fonts is
   known as the font path. Informing the server of the existence
   of a new font directory consists of putting it on the font
   path.

   The font path is an ordered list; if a client's request matches
   multiple fonts, the first one in the font path is the one that
   gets used. When matching fonts, the server makes two passes
   over the font path: during the first pass, it searches for an
   exact match; during the second, it searches for fonts suitable
   for scaling.

   For best results, scalable fonts should appear in the font path
   before the bitmap fonts; this way, the server will prefer
   bitmap fonts to scalable fonts when an exact match is possible,
   but will avoid scaling bitmap fonts when a scalable font can be
   used. (The ":unscaled" hack, while still supported, should no
   longer be necessary in X11R7.7.)

   You may check the font path of the running server by typing the
   command
$ xset q

Font path catalogue directories

   You can specify a special kind of font path directory in the
   form catalogue:<dir>. The directory specified after the
   catalogue: prefix will be scanned for symlinks and each symlink
   destination will be added as a local font path entry.

   The symlink can be suffixed by attributes such as 'unscaled',
   which will be passed through to the underlying font path entry.
   The only exception is the newly introduced 'pri' attribute,
   which will be used for ordering the font paths specified by the
   symlinks.

   An example configuration:
         75dpi:unscaled:pri=20 -> /usr/share/X11/fonts/75dpi
         ghostscript:pri=60 -> /usr/share/fonts/default/ghostscript
         misc:unscaled:pri=10 -> /usr/share/X11/fonts/misc
         type1:pri=40 -> /usr/share/X11/fonts/Type1
         type1:pri=50 -> /usr/share/fonts/default/Type1

   This will add /usr/share/X11/fonts/misc as the first font path
   entry with the attribute unscaled. This is functionally
   equivalent to setting the following font path:
         /usr/share/X11/fonts/misc:unscaled,
         /usr/share/X11/fonts/75dpi:unscaled,
         /usr/share/X11/fonts/Type1,
         /usr/share/fonts/default/Type1,
         /usr/share/fonts/default/ghostscript

Temporary modification of the font path

   The "xset" utility may be used to modify the font path for the
   current session. The font path is set with the command xset fp;
   a new element is added to the front with xset +fp, and added to
   the end with xset fp+. For example,
$ xset +fp /usr/local/fonts/Type1
$ xset fp+ /usr/local/fonts/bitmap

   Conversely, an element may be removed from the front of the
   font path with "xset -fp", and removed from the end with "xset
   fp-". You may reset the font path to its default value with
   "xset fp default".

   For more information, please consult the xset(1) manual page.

Permanent modification of the font path

   The default font path (the one used just after server startup
   or after "xset fp default") may be specified in the X server's
   "xorg.conf" file. It is computed by appending all the
   directories mentioned in the "FontPath" entries of the "Files"
   section in the order in which they appear. If no font path is
   specified in a config file, the server uses a default value
   specified when it was built.
FontPath "/usr/local/fonts/Type1"
...
FontPath "/usr/local/fonts/bitmap"

   For more information, please consult the xorg.conf(5) manual
   page.

Troubleshooting

   If you seem to be unable to use some of the fonts you have
   installed, the first thing to check is that the "fonts.dir"
   files are correct and that they are readable by the server (the
   X server usually runs as root, beware of NFS-mounted font
   directories). If this doesn't help, it is quite possible that
   you are trying to use a font in a format that is not supported
   by your server.

   X11R7.7 supports the BDF, PCF, SNF, Type 1, TrueType, and
   OpenType font formats. However, not all X11R7.7 servers come
   with all the font backends configured in.

   On most platforms, the X11R7.7 servers no longer uses font
   backends from modules that are loaded at runtime. The built in
   font support corresponds to the functionality formerly provided
   by these modules:
     * "bitmap": bitmap fonts ("*.bdf", "*.pcf" and "*.snf");
     * "freetype": TrueType fonts ("*.ttf" and "*.ttc"), OpenType
       fonts ("*.otf" and "*.otc") and Type 1 fonts ("*.pfa" and
       "*.pfb").

Fonts included with X11R7.7

Standard bitmap fonts

   The Sample Implementation of X11 (SI) comes with a large number
   of bitmap fonts, including the "fixed" family, and bitmap
   versions of Courier, Times, Helvetica and some members of the
   Lucida family.

   In X11R7.7, a number of these fonts are provided in
   Unicode-encoded font files now. At build time, these fonts are
   split into font files encoded according to legacy encodings, a
   process which allows us to provide the standard fonts in a
   number of regional encodings with no duplication of work.

   For example, the font file
/usr/share/fonts/X11/misc/6x13.bdf

   with XLFD
-misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-120-75-75-c-60-iso10646-1

   is a Unicode-encoded version of the standard "fixed" font with
   added support for the Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, Georgian,
   Armenian, IPA and other scripts plus numerous technical
   symbols. It contains over 2800 glyphs, covering all characters
   of ISO 8859 parts 1-5, 7-10, 13-15, as well as all European IBM
   and Microsoft code pages, KOI8, WGL4, and the repertoires of
   many other character sets.

   This font is used at build time for generating the font files
6x13-ISO8859-1.bdf
6x13-ISO8859-2.bdf
...
6x13-ISO8859-15.bdf
6x13-KOI8-R.bdf

   with respective XLFDs
-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--13-120-75-75-c-60-iso8859-1
...
-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--13-120-75-75-c-60-iso8859-15
-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--13-120-75-75-c-60-koi8-r

   The standard short name "fixed" is normally an alias for
-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--13-120-75-75-c-60-iso8859-1

The ClearlyU Unicode font family

   The ClearlyU family of fonts provides a set of 12 pt, 100 dpi
   proportional fonts with many of the glyphs needed for Unicode
   text. Together, the fonts contain approximately 7500 glyphs.

   The main ClearlyU font has the XLFD
-mutt-clearlyu-medium-r-normal--17-120-100-100-p-101-iso10646-1

   and resides in the font file
/usr/share/fonts/X11/misc/cu12.pcf.gz

   Additional ClearlyU fonts include
-mutt-clearlyu alternate glyphs-medium-r-normal--17-120-100-100-p-91-iso
10646-1
-mutt-clearlyu pua-medium-r-normal--17-120-100-100-p-111-iso10646-1
-mutt-clearlyu arabic extra-medium-r-normal--17-120-100-100-p-103-fontsp
ecific-0
-mutt-clearlyu ligature-medium-r-normal--17-120-100-100-p-141-fontspecif
ic-0

   The Alternate Glyphs font contains additional glyph shapes that
   are needed for certain languages. A second alternate glyph font
   will be provided later for cases where a character has more
   than one commonly used alternate shape (e.g. the Urdu heh).

   The PUA font contains extra glyphs that are useful for certain
   rendering purposes.

   The Arabic Extra font contains the glyphs necessary for
   characters that don't have all of their possible shapes encoded
   in ISO 10646. The glyphs are roughly ordered according to the
   order of the characters in the ISO 10646 standard.

   The Ligature font contains ligatures for various scripts that
   may be useful for improved presentation of text.

Standard scalable fonts

   X11R7.7 includes all the scalable fonts distributed with X11R6.

Standard Type 1 fonts

   The IBM Courier set of fonts cover ISO 8859-1 and ISO 8859-2 as
   well as Adobe Standard Encoding. These fonts have XLFD
-adobe-courier-medium-*-*--0-0-0-0-m-0-*-*

   and reside in the font files
/usr/share/fonts/X11/Type1/cour*.pfa

   The Adobe Utopia set of fonts only cover ISO 8859-1 as well as
   Adobe Standard Encoding. These fonts have XLFD
-adobe-utopia-*-*-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-1

   and reside in the font files
/usr/share/fonts/X11/Type1/UT*.pfa

   Finally, X11R7.7 also comes with Type 1 versions of Bitstream
   Courier and Charter. These fonts have XLFD
-bitstream-courier-*-*-normal--0-0-0-0-m-0-iso8859-1
-bitstream-charter-*-*-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-1

   and reside in the font files
/usr/share/fonts/X11/Type1/c*bt_.pfb

The Bigelow & Holmes Luxi family

   X11R7.7 includes the Luxi family of scalable fonts, in both
   TrueType and Type 1 format. This family consists of the fonts
   Luxi Serif, with XLFD
-b&h-luxi serif-medium-*-normal--*-*-*-*-p-*-*-*

   Luxi Sans, with XLFD
-b&h-luxi sans-medium-*-normal--*-*-*-*-p-*-*-*

   and Luxi Mono, with XLFD
-b&h-luxi mono-medium-*-normal--*-*-*-*-m-*-*-*

   Each of these fonts comes Roman, oblique, bold and bold oblique
   variants The TrueType version have glyphs covering the basic
   ASCII Unicode range, the Latin 1 range, as well as the Extended
   Latin range and some additional punctuation characters. In
   particular, these fonts include all the glyphs needed for
   ISO 8859 parts 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 13 and 15, as well as all the
   glyphs in the Adobe Standard encoding and the Windows 3.1
   character set.

   The glyph coverage of the Type 1 versions is somewhat reduced,
   and only covers ISO 8859 parts 1, 2 and 15 as well as the Adobe
   Standard encoding.

   The Luxi fonts are original designs by Kris Holmes and Charles
   Bigelow. Luxi fonts include seriffed, sans serif, and
   monospaced styles, in roman and oblique, and normal and bold
   weights. The fonts share stem weight, x-height, capital height,
   ascent and descent, for graphical harmony.

   The character width metrics of Luxi roman and bold fonts match
   those of core fonts bundled with popular operating and window
   systems.

   The license terms for the Luxi fonts are included in the file
   "COPYRIGHT.BH", as well as in the License document.

   Charles Bigelow and Kris Holmes from Bigelow and Holmes Inc.
   developed the Luxi typeface designs in Ikarus digital format.

   URW++ Design and Development GmbH converted the Ikarus format
   fonts to TrueType and Type1 font programs and implemented the
   grid-fitting "hints" and kerning tables in the Luxi fonts.

   For more information, please contact
   <design@bigelowandholmes.com> or <info@urwpp.de>, or consult
   the URW++ web site.

   An earlier version of the Luxi fonts was made available under
   the name Lucidux. This name should no longer be used due to
   trademark uncertainties, and all traces of the Lucidux name
   have been removed from X11R7.7.

More about core fonts

   This section describes XFree86-created enhancements to the core
   X11 fonts system that were adopted by X.Org.

Core fonts and internationalisation

   The scalable font backends (Type 1 and TrueType) can
   automatically re-encode fonts to the encoding specified in the
   XLFD in "fonts.dir". For example, a "fonts.dir" file can
   contain entries for the Type 1 Courier font such as
cour.pfa -adobe-courier-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-m-0-iso8859-1
cour.pfa -adobe-courier-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-m-0-iso8859-2

   which will lead to the font being recoded to ISO 8859-1 and
   ISO 8859-2 respectively.

The fontenc layer

   Two of the scalable backends (Type 1 and the FreeType TrueType
   backend) use a common fontenc layer for font re-encoding. This
   allows these backends to share their encoding data, and allows
   simple configuration of new locales independently of font type.

   Please note: the X-TrueType (X-TT) backend is not included in
   X11R7.7. That functionality has been merged into the FreeType
   backend.

   In the fontenc layer, an encoding is defined by a name (such as
   iso8859-1), possibly a number of aliases (alternate names), and
   an ordered collection of mappings. A mapping defines the way
   the encoding can be mapped into one of the target encodings
   known to fontenc; currently, these consist of Unicode, Adobe
   glyph names, and arbitrary TrueType "cmap"s.

   A number of encodings are hardwired into fontenc, and are
   therefore always available; the hardcoded encodings cannot
   easily be redefined. These include:
     * iso10646-1: Unicode;
     * iso8859-1: ISO Latin-1 (Western Europe);
     * iso8859-2: ISO Latin-2 (Eastern Europe);
     * iso8859-3: ISO Latin-3 (Southern Europe);
     * iso8859-4: ISO Latin-4 (Northern Europe);
     * iso8859-5: ISO Cyrillic;
     * iso8859-6: ISO Arabic;
     * iso8859-7: ISO Greek;
     * iso8859-8: ISO Hebrew;
     * iso8859-9: ISO Latin-5 (Turkish);
     * iso8859-10: ISO Latin-6 (Nordic);
     * iso8859-15: ISO Latin-9, or Latin-0 (Revised
       Western-European);
     * koi8-r: KOI8 Russian;
     * koi8-u: KOI8 Ukrainian (see RFC 2319);
     * koi8-ru: KOI8 Russian/Ukrainian;
     * koi8-uni: KOI8 "Unified" (Russian, Ukrainian, and
       Byelorussian);
     * koi8-e: KOI8 "European," ISO-IR-111, or ECMA-Cyrillic;
     * microsoft-symbol and apple-roman: these are only likely to
       be useful with TrueType symbol fonts.

   Additional encodings can be added by defining encoding files.
   When a font encoding is requested that the fontenc layer
   doesn't know about, the backend checks the directory in which
   the font file resides (not necessarily the directory with
   fonts.dir!) for a file named "encodings.dir". If found, this
   file is scanned for the requested encoding, and the relevant
   encoding definition file is read in. The "mkfontdir" utility,
   when invoked with the "-e" option followed by the name of a
   directory containing encoding files, can be used to
   automatically build "encodings.dir" files. Please see the
   mkfontdir(1) manual page for more details.

   A number of encoding files for common encodings are included
   with X11R7.7. Information on writing new encoding files can be
   found in Format of encoding directory files and Format of
   encoding files later in this document.

Backend-specific notes about fontenc

The FreeType backend

   For TrueType and OpenType fonts, the FreeType backend scans the
   mappings in order. Mappings with a target of PostScript are
   ignored; mappings with a TrueType or Unicode target are checked
   against all the cmaps in the file. The first applicable mapping
   is used.

   For Type 1 fonts, the FreeType backend first searches for a
   mapping with a target of PostScript. If one is found, it is
   used. Otherwise, the backend searches for a mapping with target
   Unicode, which is then composed with a built-in table mapping
   codes to glyph names. Note that this table only covers part of
   the Unicode code points that have been assigned names by Adobe.

   Specifying an encoding value of adobe-fontspecific for a Type 1
   font disables the encoding mechanism. This is useful with
   symbol and incorrectly encoded fonts (see Hints about using
   badly encoded fonts below).

   If a suitable mapping is not found, the FreeType backend
   defaults to ISO 8859-1.

Format of encoding directory files

   In order to use a font in an encoding that the font backend
   does not know about, you need to have an "encodings.dir" file
   either in the same directory as the font file used or in a
   system-wide location ("/usr/share/fonts/X11/encodings/" by
   default).

   The "encodings.dir" file has a similar format to "fonts.dir".
   Its first line specifies the number of encodings, while every
   successive line has two columns, the name of the encoding, and
   the name of the encoding file; this can be relative to the
   current directory, or absolute. Every encoding name should
   agree with the encoding name defined in the encoding file. For
   example,

3
mulearabic-0 /usr/share/fonts/X11/encodings/mulearabic-0.enc
mulearabic-1 /usr/share/fonts/X11/encodings/mulearabic-1.enc
mulearabic-2 /usr/share/fonts/X11/encodings/mulearabic-2.enc

   The name of an encoding must be specified in the encoding
   file's "STARTENCODING" or "ALIAS" line. It is not enough to
   create an "encodings.dir" entry.

   If your platform supports it (it probably does), encoding files
   may be compressed or gzipped.

   The "encoding.dir" files are best maintained by the "mkfontdir"
   utility. Please see the mkfontdir(1) manual page for more
   information.

Format of encoding files

   The encoding files are "free form," i.e. any string of
   whitespace is equivalent to a single space. Keywords are parsed
   in a non-case-sensitive manner, meaning that "size", "SIZE",
   and "SiZE" all parse as the same keyword; on the other hand,
   case is significant in glyph names.

   Numbers can be written in decimal, as in "256", in hexadecimal,
   as in "0x100", or in octal, as in "0400".

   Comments are introduced by a hash sign "#". A "#" may appear at
   any point in a line, and all characters following the "#" are
   ignored, up to the end of the line.

   The encoding file starts with the definition of the name of the
   encoding, and possibly its alternate names (aliases):
STARTENCODING mulearabic-0
ALIAS arabic-0

   The name of the encoding and its aliases should be suitable for
   use in an XLFD font name, and therefore contain exactly one
   dash "-".

   The encoding file may then optionally declare the size of the
   encoding. For a linear encoding (such as ISO 8859-1), the SIZE
   line specifies the maximum code plus one:
SIZE 0x2B

   For a matrix encoding, it should specify two numbers. The first
   is the number of the last row plus one, the other, the highest
   column number plus one. In the case of "jisx0208.1990-0"
   (JIS X 0208(1990), double-byte encoding, high bit clear), it
   should be
SIZE 0x75 0x80

   In the case of a matrix encoding, a "FIRSTINDEX" line may be
   included to specify the minimum glyph index in an encoding. The
   keyword "FIRSTINDEX" is followed by two integers, the minimum
   row number followed by the minimum column number:
FIRSTINDEX 0x20 0x20

   In the case of a linear encoding, a "FIRSTINDEX" line is not
   very useful. If for some reason however you chose to include
   on, it should be followed by a single integer.

   Note that in most font backends inclusion of a "FIRSTINDEX"
   line has the side effect of disabling default glyph generation,
   and this keyword should therefore be avoided unless absolutely
   necessary.

   Codes outside the region defined by the "SIZE" and "FIRSTINDEX"
   lines are understood to be undefined. Encodings default to
   linear encoding with a size of 256 (0x100). This means that you
   must declare the size of all 16 bit encodings.

   What follows is one or more mapping sections. A mapping section
   starts with a "STARTMAPPING" line stating the target of the
   mapping. The target may be one of:
     * Unicode (ISO 10646):
STARTMAPPING unicode

     * a given TrueType "cmap":
STARTMAPPING cmap 3 1

     * PostScript glyph names:
STARTMAPPING postscript

   Every line in a mapping section maps one from the encoding
   being defined to the target of the mapping. In mappings with a
   Unicode or TrueType mapping, codes are mapped to codes:
0x21 0x0660
0x22 0x0661
...

   As an abbreviation, it is possible to map a contiguous range of
   codes in a single line. A line consisting of three integers
<it/start/ <it/end/ <it/target/

   is an abbreviation for the range of lines
start     target

start+1   target+1

...

end       target+end-start

   For example, the line
0x2121 0x215F 0x8140

   is an abbreviation for
0x2121 0x8140
0x2122 0x8141
...
0x215F 0x817E

   Codes not listed are assumed to map through the identity (i.e.
   to the same numerical value). In order to override this default
   mapping, you may specify a range of codes to be undefined by
   using an "UNDEFINE" line:
UNDEFINE 0x00 0x2A

   or, for a single code,
UNDEFINE 0x1234

   PostScript mappings are different. Every line in a PostScript
   mapping maps a code to a glyph name
0x41 A
0x42 B
...

   and codes not explicitly listed are undefined.

   A mapping section ends with an ENDMAPPING line
ENDMAPPING

   After all the mappings have been defined, the file ends with an
   ENDENCODING line
ENDENCODING

   In order to make future extensions to the format possible,
   lines starting with an unknown keyword are silently ignored, as
   are mapping sections with an unknown target.

Using symbol fonts

   Type 1 symbol fonts should be installed using the
   adobe-fontspecific encoding.

   In an ideal world, all TrueType symbol fonts would be installed
   using one of the microsoft-symbol and apple-roman encodings. A
   number of symbol fonts, however, are not marked as such; such
   fonts should be installed using microsoft-cp1252, or, for older
   fonts, microsoft-win3.1.

   In order to guarantee consistent results (especially between
   Type 1 and TrueType versions of the same font), it is possible
   to define a special encoding for a given font. This has already
   been done for the ZapfDingbats font; see the file
   "encodings/adobe-dingbats.enc".

Hints about using badly encoded fonts

   A number of text fonts are incorrectly encoded. Incorrect
   encoding is sometimes done by design, in order to make a font
   for an exotic script appear like an ordinary Western text font
   on systems which are not easily extended with new locale data.
   It is often the result of the font designer's laziness or
   incompetence; for some reason, most people seem to find it
   easier to invent idiosyncratic glyph names rather than follow
   the Adobe glyph list.

   There are two ways of dealing with such fonts: using them with
   the encoding they were designed for, and creating an ad hoc
   encoding file.

Using fonts with the designer's encoding

   In the case of Type 1 fonts, the font designer can specify a
   default encoding; this encoding is requested by using the
   "adobe-fontspecific" encoding in the XLFD name. Sometimes, the
   font designer omitted to specify a reasonable default encoding,
   in which case you should experiment with "adobe-standard",
   "iso8859-1", "microsoft-cp1252", and "microsoft-win3.1". (The
   encoding "microsoft-symbol" doesn't make sense for Type 1
   fonts).

   TrueType fonts do not have a default encoding. However, most
   TrueType fonts are designed with either Microsoft or Apple
   platforms in mind, so one of "microsoft-symbol",
   "microsoft-cp1252", "microsoft-win3.1", or "apple-roman" should
   yield reasonable results.

Specifying an ad hoc encoding file

   It is always possible to define an encoding file to put the
   glyphs in a font in any desired order. Again, see the
   "encodings/adobe-dingbats.enc" file to see how this is done.

Specifying font aliases

   By following the directions above, you will find yourself with
   a number of fonts with unusual names --- with encodings such as
   "adobe-fontspecific", "microsoft-win3.1" etc. In order to use
   these fonts with standard applications, it may be useful to
   remap them to their proper names.

   This is done by writing a "fonts.alias" file. The format of
   this file is very simple: it consists of a series of lines each
   mapping an alias name to a font name. A "fonts.alias" file
   might look as follows:
"-ogonki-alamakota-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-2" \
  "-ogonki-alamakota-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-adobe-fontspecific"

   (both XLFD names on a single line). The syntax of the
   "fonts.alias" file is more precisely described in the
   mkfontdir(1) manual page.

Additional notes about scalable core fonts

About the FreeType backend

   The FreeType backend (formerly xfsft) is a backend based on
   version 2 of the FreeType library (see the FreeType web site)
   and has the X-TT functionalities for CJKV support provided by
   the After X-TT Project (see the After X-TT Project web site).
   The FreeType backend has support for the "fontenc" style of
   internationalisation (see The fontenc layer). This backend
   supports TrueType font files ("*.ttf"), OpenType font files
   ("*.otf"), TrueType Collections ("*.ttc"), OpenType Collections
   ("*.otc") and Type 1 font files ("*.pfa" and "*.pfb").

   In order to access the faces in a TrueType Collection file, the
   face number must be specified in the fonts.dir file before the
   filename, within a pair of colons, or by setting the 'fn' TTCap
   option. For example,

:1:mincho.ttc -misc-pmincho-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-jisx0208.1990-0

   refers to face 1 in the "mincho.ttc" TrueType Collection file.

   The new FreeType backend supports the extended "fonts.dir"
   syntax introduced by X-TrueType with a number of options,
   collectively known as "TTCap". A "TTCap" entry follows the
   general syntax

option=value:

   and should be specified before the filename. The new FreeType
   almost perfectly supports TTCap options that are compatible
   with X-TT 1.4. The Automatic Italic ("ai"), Double Strike
   ("ds") and Bounding box Width ("bw") options are indispensable
   in CJKV. For example,

mincho.ttc -misc-mincho-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-c-0-jisx0208.1990-0
ds=y:mincho.ttc -misc-mincho-bold-r-normal--0-0-0-0-c-0-jisx0208.1990-0
ai=0.2:mincho.ttc -misc-mincho-medium-i-normal--0-0-0-0-c-0-jisx0208.199
0-0
ds=y:ai=0.2:mincho.ttc -misc-mincho-bold-i-normal--0-0-0-0-c-0-jisx0208.
1990-0
bw=0.5:mincho.ttc -misc-mincho-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-c-0-jisx0201.197
6-0
bw=0.5:ds=y:mincho.ttc -misc-mincho-bold-r-normal--0-0-0-0-c-0-jisx0201.
1976-0
bw=0.5:ai=0.2:mincho.ttc -misc-mincho-medium-i-normal--0-0-0-0-c-0-jisx0
201.1976-0
bw=0.5:ds=y:ai=0.2:mincho.ttc -misc-mincho-bold-i-normal--0-0-0-0-c-0-ji
sx0201.1976-0

   setup the complete combination of jisx0208 and jisx0201 using
   mincho.ttc only. More information on the TTCap syntax is found
   on the After X-TT Project page.

   The FreeType backend uses the fontenc layer in order to support
   recoding of fonts; this was described in The fontenc layer and
   especially The FreeType backend earlier in this document.

Delayed glyph rasterisation

   When loading a proportional fonts which contain a huge number
   of glyphs, the old FreeType delayed glyph rasterisation until
   the time at which the glyph was first used. The new FreeType
   (libfreetype-xtt2) has an improved "very lazy" metric
   calculation method to speed up the process when loading
   TrueType or OpenType fonts. Although the X-TT module also has
   this method, the "vl=y" TTCap option must be set if you want to
   use it. This is the default method for FreeType when it loads
   multi-byte fonts. Even if you use a unicode font which has tens
   of thousands of glyphs, this delay will not be worrisome as
   long as you use the new FreeType backend -- its "very lazy"
   method is super-fast.

   The maximum error of bitmap position using "very lazy" method
   is 1 pixel, and is the same as that of a character-cell
   spacing. When the X-TT backend is used with the "vl=y" option,
   a chipped bitmap is displayed with certain fonts. However, the
   new FreeType backend has minimal problem with this, since it
   corrects left- and right-side bearings using "italicAngle" in
   the TrueType/OpenType post table, and does automatic correction
   of bitmap positions when rasterisation so that chipped bitmaps
   are not displayed. Nevertheless if you don't want to use the
   "very lazy" method when using multi-bytes fonts, set "vl=n" in
   the TTCap option to disable it:

vl=n:luxirr.ttf -b&h-Luxi Serif-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso10646-1

   Of course, both backends also support an optimisation for
   character-cell fonts (fonts with all glyph metrics equal, or
   terminal fonts). A font with an XLFD specifying a
   character-cell spacing "c", as in

-misc-mincho-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-c-0-jisx0208.1990-0

   or

fs=c:mincho.ttc -misc-mincho-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-jisx0208.1990-
0

   will not compute the metric for each glyph, but instead trust
   the font to be a character-cell font. You are encouraged to
   make use of this optimisation when useful, but be warned that
   not all monospaced fonts are character-cell fonts.

Appendix: background and terminology

Characters and glyphs

   A computer text-processing system inputs keystrokes and outputs
   glyphs, small pictures that are assembled on paper or on a
   computer screen. Keystrokes and glyphs do not, in general,
   coincide: for example, if the system does generate ligatures,
   then to the sequence of two keystrokes <f><i> will typically
   correspond a single glyph. Similarly, if the system shapes
   Arabic glyphs in a vaguely reasonable manner, then multiple
   different glyphs may correspond to a single keystroke.

   The complex transformation rules from keystrokes to glyphs are
   usually factored into two simpler transformations, from
   keystrokes to characters and from characters to glyphs. You may
   want to think of characters as the basic unit of text that is
   stored e.g. in the buffer of your text editor. While the
   definition of a character is intrinsically
   application-specific, a number of standardised collections of
   characters have been defined.

   A coded character set is a set of characters together with a
   mapping from integer codes --- known as codepoints --- to
   characters. Examples of coded character sets include US-ASCII,
   ISO 8859-1, KOI8-R, and JIS X 0208(1990).

   A coded character set need not use 8 bit integers to index
   characters. Many early systems used 6 bit character sets, while
   16 bit (or more) character sets are necessary for ideographic
   writing systems.

Font files, fonts, and XLFD

   Traditionally, typographers speak about typefaces and founts. A
   typeface is a particular style or design, such as Times Italic,
   while a fount is a molten-lead incarnation of a given typeface
   at a given size.

   Digital fonts come in font files. A font file contains the
   information necessary for generating glyphs of a given
   typeface, and applications using font files may access glyph
   information in an arbitrary order.

   Digital fonts may consist of bitmap data, in which case they
   are said to be bitmap fonts. They may also consist of a
   mathematical description of glyph shapes, in which case they
   are said to be scalable fonts. Common formats for scalable font
   files are Type 1 (sometimes incorrectly called ATM fonts or
   PostScript fonts), TrueType and OpenType.

   The glyph data in a digital font needs to be indexed somehow.
   How this is done depends on the font file format. In the case
   of Type 1 fonts, glyphs are identified by glyph names. In the
   case of TrueType fonts, glyphs are indexed by integers
   corresponding to one of a number of indexing schemes (usually
   Unicode --- see below).

   The X11 core fonts system uses the data in a font file to
   generate font instances, which are collections of glyphs at a
   given size indexed according to a given encoding.

   X11 core font instances are usually specified using a notation
   known as the X Logical Font Description (XLFD). An XLFD starts
   with a dash "-", and consists of fourteen fields separated by
   dashes, for example:
-adobe-courier-medium-r-normal--12-120-75-75-m-70-iso8859-1

   Or particular interest are the last two fields "iso8859-1",
   which specify the font instance's encoding.

   A scalable font is specified by an XLFD which contains zeroes
   instead of some fields:
-adobe-courier-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-m-0-iso8859-1

   X11 font instances may also be specified by short name. Unlike
   an XLFD, a short name has no structure and is simply a
   conventional name for a font instance. Two short names are of
   particular interest, as the server will not start if font
   instances with these names cannot be opened. These are "fixed",
   which specifies the fallback font to use when the requested
   font cannot be opened, and "cursor", which specifies the set of
   glyphs to be used by the mouse pointer.

   Short names are usually implemented as aliases to XLFDs; the
   standard "fixed" and "cursor" aliases are defined in
/usr/share/font/X11/misc/fonts.alias

Unicode

   Unicode (http://www.unicode.org) is a coded character set with
   the goal of uniquely identifying all characters for all
   scripts, current and historical. While Unicode was explicitly
   not designed as a glyph encoding scheme, it is often possible
   to use it as such.

   Unicode is an open character set, meaning that codepoint
   assignments may be added to Unicode at any time (once
   specified, though, an assignment can never be changed). For
   this reason, a Unicode font will be sparse, meaning that it
   only defines glyphs for a subset of the character registry of
   Unicode.

   The Unicode standard is defined in parallel with the
   international standard ISO 10646. Assignments in the two
   standards are always equivalent, and we often use the terms
   Unicode and ISO 10646 interchangeably.

   When used in the X11 core fonts system, Unicode-encoded fonts
   should have the last two fields of their XLFD set to
   "iso10646-1".

References

   X11R7.7 comes with extensive documentation in the form of
   manual pages and typeset documents. Before installing fonts,
   you really should read the fontconfig(3) and mkfontdir(1)
   manual pages; other manual pages of interest include X(7),
   Xserver(1), xset(1), Xft(3), xlsfonts(1) and showfont(1). In
   addition, you may want to read the X Logical Font Description
   document by Jim Flowers.

   The comp.fonts FAQ, which is unfortunately no longer being
   maintained, contains a wealth of information about digital
   fonts.

   Xft and Fontconfig are described on the Fontconfig site.

   The xfsft home page has been superseded by this document, and
   is now obsolete; you may however still find some of the
   information that it contains useful. Joerg Pommnitz' xfsft page
   is the canonical source for the "ttmkfdir" utility, which is
   the ancestor of mkfontscale.

   The author's software pages might or might not contain related
   scribbles and development versions of software.

   The documentation of X-TrueType is available from the After
   X-TT Project page.

   While the Unicode consortium site may be of interest, you are
   more likely to find what you need in Markus Kuhn's UTF-8 and
   Unicode FAQ.

   The IETF RFC documents, available from a number of sites
   throughout the world, often provide interesting information
   about character set issues; see for example RFC 373.
