Analysis of the X Protocol for Security Concerns

David P. Wiggins

   X Consortium

   X Version 11, Release 7.7

   Draft Version 2

   Copyright © 1996 X Consortium

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   X Window System is a trademark of The Open Group.

   May 10, 1996

   This paper attempts to list all instances of certain types of
   security problems in the X Protocol. Issues with authorization
   are not addressed. We assume that a malicious client has
   already succeeded in connecting, and try to assess what harm it
   can then do. We propose modifications to the semantics of the X
   Protocol to reduce these risks.
     __________________________________________________________

   Table of Contents

   1. Definition of Threats
   2. General security concerns and remedies

        Access to Server Resources
        Denial of Service

              Memory Exhaustion
              CPU Monopolization

   3. Security concerns with specific window attributes

        Background-pixmap
        ParentRelative and CopyFromParent
        Override-redirect

   4. Security concerns with specific requests

        CreateWindow
        ChangeWindowAttributes
        GetWindowAttributes
        DestroyWindow, DestroySubwindows
        ChangeSaveSet
        MapWindow
        Window Operations
        GetGeometry
        QueryTree
        InternAtom
        GetAtomName
        ChangeProperty
        DeleteProperty
        GetProperty
        RotateProperties
        ListProperties
        SetSelectionOwner
        GetSelectionOwner
        ConvertSelection
        SendEvent
        Keyboard and Pointer Grabs
        ChangeActivePointerGrab
        GrabServer
        QueryPointer
        GetMotionEvents
        TranslateCoordinates
        WarpPointer
        SetInputFocus
        GetInputFocus
        QueryKeymap
        Font Requests
        CloseFont
        SetFontPath
        GetFontPath
        CreatePixmap
        FreePixmap
        CreateGC
        CopyGC
        ChangeGC, SetDashes, SetClipRectangles
        FreeGC
        Drawing Requests
        GetImage
        CreateColormap
        FreeColormap
        CopyColormapAndFree
        InstallColormap, UninstallColormap
        ListInstalledColormaps
        Color Allocation Requests
        FreeColors
        StoreColors, StoreNamedColor
        QueryColors, LookupColor
        CreateCursor, CreateGlyphCursor
        FreeCursor
        RecolorCursor
        QueryBestSize
        ListExtensions, QueryExtension
        Keyboard configuration requests
        Keyboard query requests
        ChangePointerControl, SetPointerMapping
        GetPointerControl, GetPointerMapping
        SetScreenSaver
        GetScreenSaver
        ForceScreenSaver
        ChangeHost
        ListHosts
        SetAccessControl
        SetCloseDownMode
        KillClient
        Clean Requests

   5. Events

        KeymapNotify
        Expose
        GraphicsExposure
        VisibilityNotify
        ReparentNotify
        ConfigureNotify
        ConfigureRequest
        SelectionClear
        SelectionRequest
        MappingNotify

   6. Errors
   7. Future Work
   8. References

Chapter 1. Definition of Threats

   We analyze the X protocol for the following threats.

   Theft

   occurs when a client gains access to information owned by
   another client without explicit permission from that other
   client. For this analysis, we take a broad view of ownership:
   any information that exists in the server due to the actions of
   a client is considered owned by that client. Furthermore, the
   client that has input focus owns keyboard events, and the
   client that owns the window that the pointer is in owns mouse
   events. This view may reveal certain instances of "theft" that
   we don't care to stop, but we think it is better to identify
   all potential candidates up front and cull the list later than
   to do a partial analysis now and plan on reanalyzing for
   remaining holes later.

   Denial of service

   occurs when a client causes another client or the user to lose
   the ability to perform some operation.

   Spoofing

   occurs when a client attempts to mimic another client with the
   hope that the user will interact with it as if it really were
   the mimicked client. A wide variety of requests may be used in
   a spoofing attack; we will only point out a few likely
   candidates.

   Destruction

   occurs when a client causes another client to lose information
   in a way that the client or user is likely to notice. (This
   does not count expected forms of destruction, e.g., exposures.)

   Alteration

   occurs when a client causes another client to lose information
   in a way that the client or user is unlikely to notice. e.g.,
   changing one pixel in a drawable.

   The line between alteration and destruction is subjective.
   Security literature does often distinguish between them, though
   not always explicitly. Alteration is often considered more
   insidious because its effects may not be realized until long
   after it has occurred. In the intervening time, each time the
   altered data is used, it can cause more damage.

Chapter 2. General security concerns and remedies

   Table of Contents

   Access to Server Resources
   Denial of Service

        Memory Exhaustion
        CPU Monopolization

   The following sections discuss security problems intrinsic to
   the X Protocol. A statement of each problem is usually followed
   by potential remedies. A few words here about possible remedies
   will help frame the specific ones described below.

   If a client attempts a threatening operation, the server may
   take one of the following actions, listed roughly in order of
   severity:
    1. Execute the request normally. This is the right choice when
       we decide that a particlar threat is not serious enough to
       worry about.
    2. Execute the request in some modified form, e.g., substitute
       different values for some of the request fields, or edit
       the reply.
    3. Arrange to ask the user what to do, given some subset of
       the other choices in this list. This must be used sparingly
       because of the performance impact.
    4. Treat the request as a no-op. If the client will probably
       not notice, or if it seems likely that the intent was
       benign, this is a good choice.
    5. Send a protocol error to the client. If the client will be
       confused enough by the other options that it will probably
       crash or become useless anyway, or if it seems likely that
       the intent was malicious, this is a good choice.
       Kill the client. This might be the right action if there is
       no doubt that the client is hostile.

   In most cases we present the one option that seems most
   appropriate to counter the threat, taking into account the
   seriousness of the threat, the implementation difficulty, and
   the impact on applications. Our initial bias is to err on the
   side of stronger security, with the accompanying tighter
   restrictions. As we uncover important operations and
   applications that the new restrictions interfere with, we can
   apply selective loosening to allow the desired functionality.

   In some cases we will suggest returning an Access error where
   the X protocol does not explicitly allow one. These new Access
   errors arise when a client can only perform a (non-empty)
   subset of the defined operations on a resource. The disallowed
   operations cause Access errors. The resiource at issue is
   usually a root window.

Access to Server Resources

   The X protocol allows clients to manipulate resources (objects)
   belonging to other clients or to the server. Any request that
   specifies a resource ID is vulnerable to some of the above
   threats. Such requests also provide a way for a client to guess
   resource IDs of other clients. A client can make educated
   guesses for possible resource IDs, and if the request succeeds,
   it knows it has determined a valid resource ID. We call this
   "resource ID guessing" in the list below.

   One likely defense against these problems is to have the server
   send an appropriate protocol error to deny the existence of any
   resource specified by a client that doesn't belong to that
   client. A variation on this policy lets cooperating groups of
   clients access each other's resources, but not those of other
   groups. The Broadway project will initially use a less general
   form of this idea by having two groups, trusted and untrusted.
   Trusted clients can do everything that X clients can do today.
   They will be protected from untrusted clients in ways described
   below. Untrusted clients will not be protected from each other.
   Though this will be the initial design, we need to make sure
   there is a growth path to multiple (more than two) groups.

   Most of the time, applications never access server resources
   that aren't their own, so the impact of disallowing such
   accesses should be minimal. There are a few notable exceptions,
   most of which will be discussed under the relevant protocol
   requests. They are: ICCCM selection transfer, Motif drag and
   drop, and server-global resources like the root window and
   default colormap. Another major exception is the window
   manager, which routinely manipulates windows of other
   applications. The solution for window managers is to always run
   them as trusted applications.

   The implementation difficulty of limiting access to resources
   should not be large. All resource accesses eventually funnel
   down to one of two functions in <dix/resource.c>:
   LookupIDByType and LookupIDByClass. A few lines of checking at
   the top of these functions will form the heart of this defense.
   There is a small problem because these functions are not told
   which client is doing the lookup, but that can be solved either
   by adding a client parameter (probably as a new function to
   preserve compatibility), or by using the server global
   requestingClient.

Note

   ISSUE: are we really going to be able to get away with hiding
   trusted resources, or will things like Motif drag and drop
   force us to expose them? (Either way, the operations that
   untrusted clients can do to trusted resources will have to be
   limited.) Is there something in Xt or the ICCCM that breaks if
   you hide resources?

Denial of Service

Memory Exhaustion

   Any request that causes the server to consume resources
   (particularly memory) can be used in a denial of service
   attack. A client can use such requests repeatedly until the
   server runs out of memory. When that happens, the server will
   either crash or be forced to send Alloc errors. The most
   obvious candidates are resource creation requests, e.g.,
   CreatePixmap, but in reality a large percentage of requests
   cause memory allocation, if only temporarily, depending on the
   server implementation. For this reason, the list of requests
   subject to this form of denial of service will be necessarily
   incomplete.

   To address this form of denial of service, the server could set
   per-client quotas on memory consumption. When the limit is
   surpassed, the server could return Alloc errors. The
   application impact is minimal as long as the application stays
   within quota. The implementation difficulty is another story.

   Conceptually, it seems easy: simply have a way to set the
   limit, and on every memory (de)allocation operation, update the
   client's current usage, and return an error if the client is
   over the limit. The first problem is something we've already
   touched on: the allocator functions aren't told which client
   the allocation belongs to. Unlike resource lookups, allocations
   are done in too many places to consider a new interface that
   passes the client, so using the global requestingClient is
   practically mandatory.

   The problems run deeper. The logical thing for the allocator to
   do if the client is over its limit is to return NULL,
   indicating allocation failure. Unfortunately, there are many
   places in the server that will react badly if this happens.
   Most of these places, but not all, are "protected" by setting
   the global variable Must_have_memory to True around the
   delicate code. We could help the problem by skipping the limit
   check if Must_have_memory is True. The best solution would be
   to bullet-proof the server against allocation failures, but
   that is beyond the scope of Broadway. Another consideration is
   that the additional checking may have a measurable performance
   impact, since the server does frequent allocations.

   A third problem is that there is no portable way to determine
   the size of a chunk of allocated memory given just a pointer to
   the chunk, and that's all you have inside Xrealloc and Xfree.
   The server could compensate by recording the sizes itself
   somewhere, but that would be wasteful of memory, since the
   malloc implementation also must be recording block sizes. On
   top of that, the redundant bookkeeping would hurt performance.
   One solution is to use a custom malloc that has the needed
   support, but that too seems beyond the scope of Broadway.

   Considering all of this, we think it is advisable to defer
   solving the memory exhaustion problem to a future release. Keep
   this in mind when you see quotas mentioned as a defense in the
   list below.

CPU Monopolization

   Another general way that a client can cause denial of service
   is to flood the server with requests. The server will spend a
   large percentage of its time servicing those requests, possibly
   starving other clients and certainly hurting performance. Every
   request can be used for flooding, so we will not bother to list
   flooding on every request. A variation on this attack is to
   flood the server with new connection attempts.

   To reduce the effectiveness of flooding, the server could use a
   different scheduling algorithm that throttles clients that are
   monopolizing the server, or it could simply favor trusted
   clients over untrusted ones. Applications cannot depend on a
   particular scheduling algorithm anyway, so changing it should
   not affect them. The Synchronization extension specifies a way
   to set client priorities, and a simple priority scheduler
   already exists in the server to support it, so this should be
   simple to add.

Chapter 3. Security concerns with specific window attributes

   Table of Contents

   Background-pixmap
   ParentRelative and CopyFromParent
   Override-redirect

Background-pixmap

   Clients can use windows with the background-pixmap attribute
   set to None (hereafter "background none windows") to obtain
   images of other windows. A background none window never paints
   its own background, so whatever happened to be on the screen
   when the window was mapped can be read from the background none
   window with GetImage. This may well contain data from other
   windows. The CreateWindow and ChangeWindowAttributes requests
   can set the background-pixmap attribute set to None, and many
   window operations can cause data from other windows to be left
   in a background none window, including ReparentWindow,
   MapWindow, MapSubwindows, ConfigureWindow, and CirculateWindow.

   Background none windows can also be used to cause apparent
   alteration. A client can create a window with background none
   and draw to it. The drawing will appear to the user to be in
   the windows below the background none window.

   To remedy these problems, the server could substitute a
   well-defined background when a client specifies None. Ideally
   the substituted background would look different enough from
   other windows that the user wouldn't be confused. A tile
   depicting some appropriate international symbol might be
   reasonable. We believe that there are few applications that
   actually rely on background none semantics, and those that do
   will be easy for the user to identify because of the
   distinctive tile. Implementation should not be a problem
   either. Luckily, the window background cannot be retrieved
   through the X protocol, so we won't have to maintain any
   illusions about its value.

Note

   ISSUE: Some vendors have extensions to let you query the window
   background. Do we need to accomodate that?

Note

   ISSUE: Will this lead to unacceptable application breakage?
   Could the server be smarter, only painting with the
   well-defined background when the window actually contains bits
   from trusted windows?

ParentRelative and CopyFromParent

   Several window attributes can take on special values that cause
   them to reference (ParentRelative) or copy (CopyFromParent) the
   same attribute from the window's parent. This fits our
   definition of theft. The window attributes are class,
   background-pixmap, border-pixmap, and colormap. All of these
   can be set with CreateWindow; all but class can be set with
   ChangeWindowAttributes.

   These forms of theft aren't particularly serious, so sending an
   error doesn't seem appropriate. Substitution of different
   attribute values seems to be the only reasonable option, and
   even that is likely to cause trouble for clients. Untrusted
   clients are already going to be prevented from creating windows
   that are children of trusted clients (see CreateWindow below).
   We recommend that nothing more be done to counter this threat.

Override-redirect

   Windows with the override-redirect bit set to True are
   generally ignored by the window manager. A client can map an
   override-redirect window that covers most or all of the screen,
   causing denial of service since other applications won't be
   visible.

   To prevent this, the server could prevent more than a certain
   percentage (configurable) the of screen area from being covered
   by override-redirect windows of untrusted clients.

   Override-redirect windows also make some spoofing attacks
   easier since the client can more carefully control the
   presentation of the window to mimic another client. Defenses
   against spoofing will be given under MapWindow .

Chapter 4. Security concerns with specific requests

   Table of Contents

   CreateWindow
   ChangeWindowAttributes
   GetWindowAttributes
   DestroyWindow, DestroySubwindows
   ChangeSaveSet
   MapWindow
   Window Operations
   GetGeometry
   QueryTree
   InternAtom
   GetAtomName
   ChangeProperty
   DeleteProperty
   GetProperty
   RotateProperties
   ListProperties
   SetSelectionOwner
   GetSelectionOwner
   ConvertSelection
   SendEvent
   Keyboard and Pointer Grabs
   ChangeActivePointerGrab
   GrabServer
   QueryPointer
   GetMotionEvents
   TranslateCoordinates
   WarpPointer
   SetInputFocus
   GetInputFocus
   QueryKeymap
   Font Requests
   CloseFont
   SetFontPath
   GetFontPath
   CreatePixmap
   FreePixmap
   CreateGC
   CopyGC
   ChangeGC, SetDashes, SetClipRectangles
   FreeGC
   Drawing Requests
   GetImage
   CreateColormap
   FreeColormap
   CopyColormapAndFree
   InstallColormap, UninstallColormap
   ListInstalledColormaps
   Color Allocation Requests
   FreeColors
   StoreColors, StoreNamedColor
   QueryColors, LookupColor
   CreateCursor, CreateGlyphCursor
   FreeCursor
   RecolorCursor
   QueryBestSize
   ListExtensions, QueryExtension
   Keyboard configuration requests
   Keyboard query requests
   ChangePointerControl, SetPointerMapping
   GetPointerControl, GetPointerMapping
   SetScreenSaver
   GetScreenSaver
   ForceScreenSaver
   ChangeHost
   ListHosts
   SetAccessControl
   SetCloseDownMode
   KillClient
   Clean Requests

   To reduce the space needed to discuss 120 requests, most of the
   following sections use a stylized format. A threat is given,
   followed by an imperative statement. The implied subject is an
   untrusted client, and the object is usually a trusted client.
   Following that, another statement starting with "Defense:"
   recommends a countermeasure for the preceding threat(s).

   Resources owned by the server, such as the root window and the
   default colormap, are considered to be owned by a trusted
   client.

CreateWindow

   Alteration: create a window as a child of another client's
   window, altering its list of children.

   Defense: send Window error. Specifying the root window as the
   parent will have to be allowed, though.

   Theft: create an InputOnly window or a window with background
   none on top of other clients' windows, select for
   keyboard/mouse input on that window, and steal the input. The
   input can be resent using SendEvent or an input synthesis
   extension so that the snooped application continues to
   function, though this won't work convincingly with the
   background none case because the drawing will be clipped.

   Defense: send an error if a top-level InputOnly window is
   created (or reparented to the root). Countermeasures for
   background none and SendEvent are discussed elsewhere.

Note

   ISSUE: The Motif drag and drop protocol creates and maps such a
   window (at -100, -100, size 10x10) to "cache frequently needed
   data on window properties to reduce roundtrip server requests."
   Proposed solution: we could only send an error if the window is
   visible, which would require checking in, MapWindow,
   ConfigureWindow, and ReparentWindow.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (parent, background-pixmap,
   border-pixmap, colormap, and cursor).

   Defense: send Window, Pixmap, Colormap, or Cursor error.

   Denial of service: create windows until the server runs out of
   memory.

   Defense: quotas.

   Also Security concerns with specific window attributes

ChangeWindowAttributes

   Alteration: change the attributes of another client's window.

   Theft: select for events on another client's window.

   Defense for both of the above: send Window error.

Note

   ISSUE: The Motif drop protocol states that "the initiator
   should select for DestroyNotify on the destination window such
   that it is aware of a potential receiver crash." This will be a
   problem if the initiator is an untrusted window and the
   destination is trusted. Can the server, perhaps with the help
   of the security manager, recognize that a drop is in progress
   and allow the DestroyNotify event selection in this limited
   case?

Note

   ISSUE: The Motif pre-register drag protocol probably requires
   the initiator to select for Enter/LeaveNotify on all top-level
   windows. Same problem as the previous issue.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (background-pixmap, border-pixmap,
   colormap, and cursor).

   Defense: send Pixmap, Colormap, or Cursor error.

   Also Security concerns with specific window attributes

GetWindowAttributes

   Theft: get the attributes of another client's window.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (window).

   Defense for both of the above: send Window error.

DestroyWindow, DestroySubwindows

   Destruction: destroy another client's window.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (window).

   Defense for both of the above: send Window error.

ChangeSaveSet

   Alteration: cause another client's windows to be reparented to
   the root when this client disconnects (only if the other
   client's windows are subwindows of this client's windows).

   Defense: process the request normally. The trusted client gives
   away some of its protection by creating a subwindow of an
   untrusted window.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (window).

   Defense: send Window error.

MapWindow

   Spoofing: map a window that is designed to resemble a window of
   another client. Additional requests will probably be needed to
   complete the illusion.

   Defense:

   We consider spoofing to be a significant danger only if the
   user is convinced to interact with the spoof window. The
   defense centers on providing enough information to enable the
   user to know where keyboard, mouse, and extension device input
   is going. To accomplish this, the server will cooperate with
   the security manager, an external process. The server will
   provide the following facilities to the security manager:

   1. A way to create a single window that is unobscurable by any
   window of any other client, trusted or untrusted. It needs to
   be unobscurable so that it is spoof-proof.

Note

   ISSUE: is a weaker form of unobscurability better? Should the
   window be obscurable by trusted windows, for example?

Note

   ISSUE: does unobscurable mean that it is a child of the root
   that is always on top in the stacking order?

   2. A way to determine if a given window ID belongs to an
   untrusted client.

   The security manager will need to select for the existing
   events FocusIn, FocusOut, EnterNotify, LeaveNotify,
   DeviceFocusIn, and DeviceFocusOut on all windows to track what
   window(s) the user's input is going to. Using the above server
   facilities, it can reliably display the trusted/untrusted
   status of all clients currently receiving input.

Note

   ISSUE: is it too much to ask the security manager to select for
   all these events on every window? Do we need to provide new
   events that you select for *on the device* that tell where the
   device is focused?

   None of this should have any application impact.

   The unobscurable window may be tricky to implement. There is
   already some machinery in the server to make an unobscurable
   window for the screen saver, which may help but may also get in
   the way now that we have to deal with two unobscurable windows.

Window Operations

   Specifically, ReparentWindow, MapWindow, MapSubwindows,
   UnmapWindow, UnmapSubwindows, ConfigureWindow, and
   CirculateWindow.

   Alteration: manipulate another client's window.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (window, sibling).

   Defense for both of the above: send a Window error unless it is
   a root window, in which case we should send an Access error.

GetGeometry

   Theft: get the geometry of another client's drawable.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (drawable).

   Defense for both of the above: send Drawable error. However,
   root windows will be allowed.

QueryTree

   Theft: resource ID guessing (window).

   Defense: send Window error.

   Theft: discover window IDs that belong to other clients.

   Defense: For the child windows, censor the reply by removing
   window IDs that belong to trusted clients. Allow the root
   window to be returned. For the parent window, if it belongs to
   a trusted client, return the closest ancestor window that
   belongs to an untrusted client, or if such a window does not
   exist, return the root window for the parent window.

Note

   ISSUE: will some applications be confused if we filter out the
   window manager frame window(s), or other windows between the
   queried window and the root window?

Note

   ISSUE: the Motif drag protocol (both preregister and dynamic)
   needs to be able to locate other top-level windows for
   potential drop sites. See also Access to Server Resources .

InternAtom

   Theft: discover atom values of atoms interned by other clients.
   This lets you determine if a specific set of atoms has been
   interned, which may lead to other inferences.

   Defense: This is a minor form of theft. Blocking it will
   interfere with many types of inter-client communication. We
   propose to do nothing about this threat.

   Denial of service: intern atoms until the server runs out of
   memory.

   Defense: quotas.

GetAtomName

   Theft: discover atom names of atoms interned by other clients.
   This lets you determine if a specific set of atoms has been
   interned, which may lead to other inferences.

   Defense: This is a minor form of theft. We propose to do
   nothing about this threat.

ChangeProperty

   Alteration: change a property on another client's window or one
   that was stored by another client.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (window).

   Defense for both of the above: send Window error.

Note

   ISSUE: Selection transfer requires the selection owner to
   change a property on the requestor's window. Does the security
   manager get us out of this? Does the server notice the property
   name and window passed in ConvertSelection and temporarily
   allow that window property to be written?

Note

   ISSUE: should certain root window properties be writable?

   Denial of service: store additional property data until the
   server runs out of memory.

   Defense: quotas.

DeleteProperty

   Destruction: delete a property stored by another client.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (window).

   Defense for both of the above: send Window error.

GetProperty

   Theft: get a property stored by another client.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (window).

   Defense for both of the above: send Window error.

Note

   ISSUE: should certain root window properties be readable?
   Proposed answer: yes, some configurable list. Do those
   properties need to be polyinstantiated?

Note

   ISSUE: Motif drag and drop needs to be able to read the
   following properties: WM_STATE to identify top-level windows,
   _MOTIF_DRAG_WINDOW on the root window, _MOTIF_DRAG_TARGETS on
   the window given in the _MOTIF_DRAG_WINDOW property, and
   _MOTIF_DRAG_RECEIVER_INFO on windows with drop sites.
   Additionally, some properties are needed that do not have fixed
   names.

RotateProperties

   Alteration: rotate properties stored by another client.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (window).

   Defense for both of the above: send Window error.

ListProperties

   Theft: list properties stored by another client.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (window).

   Defense for both of the above: send Window error.

Note

   ISSUE: should certain root window properties be listable?

SetSelectionOwner

   Theft: Steal ownership of a selection.

   Denial of service: do this repeatedly so that no other client
   can own the selection.

   Defense for both of the above: have a configurable list of
   selections that untrusted clients can own. For other
   selections, treat this request as a no-op.

Note

   ISSUE: how does the security manager get involved here? Is it
   the one that has the configurable list of selections instead of
   the server?

   Theft: resource ID guessing (window).

   Defense: send Window error.

GetSelectionOwner

   Theft: discover the ID of another client's window via the owner
   field of the reply.

   Defense: if the selection is on the configurable list mentioned
   above, return the root window ID, else return None.

Note

   ISSUE: how does the security manager get involved here?

ConvertSelection

   Theft: this initiates a selection transfer (see the ICCCM)
   which sends the selection contents from the selection owner,
   which may be another client, to the requesting client.

   Defense: since in many cases ConvertSelection is done in direct
   response to user interaction, it is probably best not to force
   it to fail, either silently or with an error. The server should
   rely on the security manager to assist in handling the
   selection transfer.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (requestor).

   Defense: send Window error.

SendEvent

   A client can use SendEvent to cause events of any type to be
   sent to windows of other clients. Similarly, a client could
   SendEvent to one of its own windows with propogate set to True
   and arrange for the event to be propogated up to a window it
   does not own. Clients can detect events generated by SendEvent,
   but we cannot assume that they will.

   Defense: ignore this request unless the event being sent is a
   ClientMessage event, which should be sent normally so that
   selection transfer, Motif drag and drop, and certain input
   methods have a chance at working.

Note

   ISSUE: does allowing all ClientMessages open up too big a hole?

   Theft: resource ID guessing (window).

   Defense: send Window error.

Keyboard and Pointer Grabs

   Specifically, GrabKeyboard, GrabPointer, GrabKey, and
   GrabButton.

   Denial of service/Theft: take over the keyboard and pointer.
   This could be viewed as denial of service since it prevents
   other clients from getting keyboard or mouse input, or it could
   be viewed as theft since the user input may not have been
   intended for the grabbing client.

   Defense: provide a way to break grabs via some keystroke
   combination, and have a status area that shows which client is
   getting input. (See MapWindow ).

   Theft: resource ID guessing (grab-window, confine-to, cursor).

   Defense: send Window or Cursor error.

ChangeActivePointerGrab

   Theft: resource ID guessing (cursor).

   Defense: send Cursor error.

GrabServer

   Denial of service: a client can grab the server and not let go,
   locking out all other clients.

   Defense: provide a way to break grabs via some keystroke
   combination.

QueryPointer

   Theft: A client can steal pointer motion and position, button
   input, modifier key state, and possibly a window of another
   client with this request.

   Defense: if the querying client doesn't have the pointer
   grabbed, and the pointer is not in one of its windows, the
   information can be zeroed.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (window).

   Defense: send Window error.

GetMotionEvents

   Theft: steal pointer motion input that went to other clients.

   Defense: ideally, the server would return only pointer input
   that was not delivered to any trusted client. The
   implementation effort to do that probably outweighs the
   marginal benefits. Instead, we will always return an empty list
   of motion events to untrusted clients.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (window).

   Defense: send Window error.

TranslateCoordinates

   Theft: discover information about other clients' windows:
   position, screen, and possibly the ID of one of their
   subwindows.

   Defense: send an error if src-window or dst-window do not
   belong to the requesting client.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (src-window, dst-window).

   Defense: send Window error.

WarpPointer

   A client can cause pointer motion to occur in another client's
   window.

   Denial of service: repeated pointer warping prevents the user
   from using the mouse normally.

   Defense for both of the above: if the querying client doesn't
   have the pointer grabbed, and the pointer is not in one of its
   windows, treat the request as a no-op.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (src-window, dst-window).

   Defense: send Window error.

SetInputFocus

   Theft: a client can use this request to make one of its own
   windows have the input focus (keyboard focus). The user may be
   unaware that keystrokes are now going to a different window.

   Denial of service: repeatedly setting input focus prevents
   normal use of the keyboard.

   Defense for both of the above: only allow untrusted clients to
   SetInputFocus if input focus is currently held by another
   untrusted client.

Note

   ISSUE: this will break clients using the Globally Active Input
   model described in section 4.1.7 of the ICCCM.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (focus).

   Defense: send Window error.

GetInputFocus

   Theft: the reply may contain the ID of another client's window.

   Defense: return a focus window of None if a trusted client
   currently has the input focus.

QueryKeymap

   Theft: poll the keyboard with this to see which keys are being
   pressed.

   Defense: zero the returned bit vector if a trusted client
   currently has the input focus.

Font Requests

   Specifically, OpenFont, QueryFont, ListFonts,
   ListFontsWithInfo, and QueryTextExtents.

   Theft: discover font name, glyph, and metric information about
   fonts that were provided by another client (by setting the font
   path). Whether it is theft to retrieve information about fonts
   from the server's initial font path depends on whether or not
   you believe those fonts, by their existence in the initial font
   path, are intended to be globally accessible by all clients.

   Defense:

   Maintain two separate font paths, one for trusted clients and
   one for untrusted clients. They are both initialized to the
   default font path at server reset. Subsequently, changes to one
   do not affect the other. Since untrusted clients will not see
   font path elements added by trusted clients, they will not be
   able to access any fonts provided by those font path elements.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (font) (QueryFont and
   QueryTextExtents only).

   Defense: send Font error.

   Denial of service: open fonts until the server runs out of
   memory (OpenFont only).

   Defense: quotas.

CloseFont

   Destruction: close another client's font.

   Defense: send Font error.

SetFontPath

   Denial of service: change the font path so that other clients
   cannot find their fonts.

   Alteration: change the font path so that other clients get
   different fonts than they expected.

   Defense for both of the above: separate font paths for trusted
   and untrusted clients, as described in the Font Requests
   section.

Note

   ISSUE: the printing project considered per-client font paths
   and concluded that it was very difficult to do. We should look
   at this aspect of the print server design to see if we can
   reuse the same scheme. We should also try to reconstruct what
   was so difficult about this; it doesn't seem that hard on the
   surface.

GetFontPath

   Theft: retrieve font path elements that were set by other
   clients.

   Use knowledge from font path elements to mount other attacks,
   e.g., attack a font server found in the font path.

   Defense for both of the above: separate font paths for trusted
   and untrusted clients, as described in the Font Requests
   section.

CreatePixmap

   Theft: resource ID guessing (drawable).

   Defense: send Drawable error.

   Denial of service: create pixmaps until the server runs out of
   memory.

   Defense: quotas.

FreePixmap

   Destruction: destroy another client's pixmap.

   Defense: send Pixmap error.

CreateGC

   Theft: resource ID guessing (drawable, tile, stipple, font,
   clip-mask).

   Defense: send Drawable, Pixmap, or Font error.

   Denial of service: create GCs until the server runs out of
   memory.

   Defense: quotas.

CopyGC

   Theft: copy GC values of another client's GC.

   Alteration: copy GC values to another client's GC.

   Defense for both of the above: send GC error.

ChangeGC, SetDashes, SetClipRectangles

   Alteration: change values of another client's GC.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (gc, tile, stipple, font,
   clip-mask) (last four for ChangeGC only).

   Defense for both of the above: send GC error.

FreeGC

   Destruction: destroy another client's GC.

   Defense: send GC error.

Drawing Requests

   Specifically, ClearArea, CopyArea, CopyPlane, PolyPoint,
   PolyLine, PolySegment, PolyRectangle, PolyArc, FillPoly,
   PolyFillRectangle, PolyFillArc, PutImage, PolyText8,
   PolyText16, ImageText8, and ImageText16.

   Alteration: draw to another client's drawable.

   Theft: resource ID guessing: ClearArea - window; CopyArea,
   CopyPlane - src-drawable, dst-drawable, gc; all others -
   drawable, gc.

   Defense for both of the above: send appropriate error.

Note

   ISSUE: The Motif preregister drag protocol requires clients to
   draw into windows of other clients for drag-over/under effects.

   Spoofing: draw to a window to make it resemble a window of
   another client.

   Defense: see MapWindow .

GetImage

   Theft: get the image of another client's drawable.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (drawable).

   Defense: send Drawable error.

   Theft: get the image of your own window, which may contain
   pieces of other overlapping windows.

   Defense: censor returned images by blotting out areas that
   contain data from trusted windows.

CreateColormap

   Theft: resource ID guessing (window).

   Defense: send Colormap error.

   Denial of service: create colormaps with this request until the
   server runs out of memory.

   Defense: quotas.

FreeColormap

   Destruction: destroy another client's colormap.

   Defense: send Colormap error.

CopyColormapAndFree

   Theft: resource ID guessing (src-map).

   Defense: send Colormap error. However, default colormaps will
   be allowed.

Note

   ISSUE: must untrusted applications be allowed to use standard
   colormaps? (Same issue for ListInstalledColormaps, Color
   Allocation Requests, FreeColors, StoreColors, StoreNamedColor,
   QueryColors, and LookupColor.)

   Denial of service: create colormaps with this request until the
   server runs out of memory.

   Defense: quotas.

InstallColormap, UninstallColormap

   Theft: resource ID guessing.

   Defense: send Colormap error.

   Denial of service: (un)install any colormap, potentially
   preventing windows from displaying correct colors.

   Defense: treat this request as a no-op. Section 4.1.8 of the
   ICCCM states that (un)installing colormaps is the
   responsibility of the window manager alone.

Note

   ISSUE: the ICCCM also allows clients to do colormap installs if
   the client has the pointer grabbed. Do we need to allow that
   too?

ListInstalledColormaps

   Theft: resource ID guessing (window).

   Defense: send Colormap error.

   Theft: discover the resource ID of another client's colormap
   from the reply.

   Defense: remove the returned colormap IDs; only let through
   default colormaps and colormaps of untrusted clients.

Color Allocation Requests

   Specifically, AllocColor, AllocNamedColor, AllocColorCells, and
   AllocColorPlanes.

   Alteration/Denial of service: allocate colors in another
   client's colormap. It is denial of service if the owning
   client's color allocations fail because there are no cells
   available. Otherwise it is just alteration.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (cmap).

   Defense for both of the above: send Colormap error. However,
   default colormaps will be allowed.

FreeColors

   Theft: resource ID guessing (cmap).

   Defense: send Colormap error. However, default colormaps will
   be allowed.

StoreColors, StoreNamedColor

   Alteration: change the colors in another client's colormap.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (cmap).

   Defense for both of the above: send Colormap error. However,
   default colormaps will be allowed.

QueryColors, LookupColor

   Theft: retrieve information about the colors in another
   client's colormap.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (cmap).

   Defense for both of the above: send Colormap error. However,
   default colormaps will be allowed.

CreateCursor, CreateGlyphCursor

   Theft: resource ID guessing (source, mask or source-font,
   mask-font).

   Defense: send Pixmap or Font error. However, the default font
   will be allowed.

   Denial of service: create cursors until the server runs out of
   memory.

   Defense: quotas.

FreeCursor

   Destruction: free another client's cursor.

   Defense: send Cursor error.

RecolorCursor

   Alteration: recolor another client's cursor.

   Theft: resource ID guessing (cursor).

   Defense for both of the above: send Cursor error.

QueryBestSize

   Theft: resource ID guessing (drawable).

   Defense: send Drawable error.

ListExtensions, QueryExtension

   Determine the extensions supported by the server, and use the
   list to choose extension-specific attacks to attempt.

   Defense: extensions will have a way to tell the server whether
   it is safe for untrusted clients to use them. These requests
   will only return information about extensions that claim to be
   safe.

Keyboard configuration requests

   Specifically, ChangeKeyboardControl, ChangeKeyboardMapping, and
   SetModifierMapping.

   Alteration: change the keyboard parameters that were
   established by another client.

   Denial of service: with ChangeKeyboardControl, disable
   auto-repeat, key click, or the bell. With ChangeKeyboardMapping
   or SetModifierMapping, change the key mappings so that the
   keyboard is difficult or impossible to use.

   Defense for both of the above: treat these requests as a no-op.

Keyboard query requests

   Specifically, GetKeyboardControl, GetKeyboardMapping, and
   GetModifierMapping.

   Theft: get keyboard information that was established by another
   client.

   Defense: This is a minor form of theft. We propose to do
   nothing about this threat.

ChangePointerControl, SetPointerMapping

   Alteration: change the pointer parameters that were established
   by another client.

   Denial of service: set the pointer parameters so that the
   pointer is difficult or impossible to use.

   Defense for both of the above: treat these requests as a no-op.

GetPointerControl, GetPointerMapping

   Theft: get pointer parameters that were established by another
   client.

   Defense: This is a minor form of theft. We propose to do
   nothing about this threat.

SetScreenSaver

   Alteration: change the screen saver parameters that were
   established by another client.

   Denial of service: set the screen saver parameters so that the
   screen saver is always on or always off.

   Defense for both of the above: treat these requests as a no-op.

GetScreenSaver

   Theft: get screen saver parameters that were established by
   another client.

   Defense: This is a minor form of theft. We propose to do
   nothing about this threat.

ForceScreenSaver

   Denial of service: repeatedly activate the screen saver so that
   the user cannot see the screen as it would look when the screen
   saver is off.

   Denial of service: repeatedly reset the screen saver,
   preventing it from activating.

   Defense for both of the above: treat these requests as a no-op.

ChangeHost

   Most servers already have some restrictions on which clients
   can use this request, so whether the following list applies is
   implementation dependent.

   Denial of service: remove a host from the list, preventing
   clients from connecting from that host.

   Add a host to the list. Clients from that host may then launch
   other attacks of any type.

   Defense for both of the above: return Access error.

ListHosts

   Theft: steal host identities and possibly even user identities
   that are allowed to connect.

   Launch attacks of any type against the stolen host/user
   identities.

   Defense for both of the above: return only untrusted hosts.

SetAccessControl

   Most servers already have some restrictions on which clients
   can use this request, so whether the following list applies is
   implementation dependent.

   Alteration: change the access control value established by some
   other client.

   Disable access control, allowing clients to connect who would
   normally not be able to connect. Those clients may then launch
   other attacks of any type.

   Defense for both of the above: return Access error.

SetCloseDownMode

   Denial of service: set the close-down mode to RetainPermanent
   or RetainTemporary, then disconnect. The server cannot reuse
   the resource-id-base of the disconnected client, or the memory
   used by the retained resources, unless another client issues an
   appropriate KillClient to cancel the retainment. The server has
   a limited number of resource-id-bases, and when they are
   exhausted, it will be unable to accept new client connections.

   Defense: treat this request as a no-op.

KillClient

   Destruction/Denial of service: kill another currently connected
   client.

   Destruction: kill a client that has terminated with close-down
   mode of RetainTemporary or RetainPermanent, destroying all its
   retained resources.

   Destruction: specify AllTemporary as the resource, destroying
   all resources of clients that have terminated with close-down
   mode RetainTemporary.

   Defense for all of the above: return Value error.

Clean Requests

   Other than denial of service caused by flooding, these requests
   have no known security concerns: AllowEvents, UngrabPointer,
   UngrabButton, UngrabKeyboard, UngrabKey, UngrabServer,
   NoOperation, and Bell.

Chapter 5. Events

   Table of Contents

   KeymapNotify
   Expose
   GraphicsExposure
   VisibilityNotify
   ReparentNotify
   ConfigureNotify
   ConfigureRequest
   SelectionClear
   SelectionRequest
   MappingNotify

   The only threat posed by events is theft. Selecting for events
   on another client's resources is always theft. We restrict
   further analysis by assuming that the client only selects for
   events on its own resources, then asking whether the events
   provide information about other clients.

KeymapNotify

   Theft: the state of the keyboard can be seen when the client
   does not have the input focus. This is possible because a
   KeymapNotify is sent to a window after every EnterNotify even
   if the window does not have input focus.

   Defense: zero the returned bit vector if a trusted client
   currently has the input focus.

Expose

   Theft: discover where other clients' windows overlap your own.
   For instance, map a full-screen window, lower it, then raise
   it. The resulting exposes tell you where other windows are.

   Defense: about the only thing you could do here is force
   backing store to be used on untrusted windows, but that would
   probably use too much server memory. We propose to do nothing
   about this threat.

GraphicsExposure

   Theft: discover where other clients' windows overlap your own.
   For instance, use CopyArea to copy the entire window's area
   exactly on top of itself. The resulting GraphicsExposures tell
   you where the window was obscured.

   Defense: see Expose above. We propose to do nothing about this
   threat.

VisibilityNotify

   Theft: this event provides crude positional information about
   other clients, though the receiver cannot tell which other
   clients.

   Defense: The information content of this event is very low. We
   propose to do nothing about this threat.

ReparentNotify

   Theft: the parent window may belong to some other client
   (probably the window manager).

   Defense: If the parent window belongs to a trusted client,
   return the closest ancestor window that belongs to an untrusted
   client, or if such a window does not exist, return the root
   window for the parent window.

Note

   ISSUE: what is the application impact?

ConfigureNotify

   Theft: the above-sibling window may belong to some other
   client.

   Defense: return None for the above-sibling window if it belongs
   to a trusted client.

Note

   ISSUE: what is the application impact?

ConfigureRequest

   Theft: the sibling window may belong to some other client.

   Defense: return None for the sibling window if it belongs to a
   trusted client.

   ISSUE: what is the application impact?

SelectionClear

   Theft: the owner window may belong to some other client.

   Defense: return None for the owner window if it belongs to a
   trusted client.

SelectionRequest

   Theft: the requestor window may belong to some other client.

   Defense: Blocking this event or censoring the window would
   prevent selection transfers from untrusted clients to trusted
   clients from working. We propose to do nothing in the server
   about this threat. The security manager may reduce the exposure
   of trusted window IDs by becoming the owner of all selections.

MappingNotify

   Theft: discover keyboard, pointer, or modifier mapping
   information set by another client.

   Defense: Any tampering with this event will cause clients to
   have an inconsistent view of the keyboard or pointer button
   configuration, which is likely to confuse the user. We propose
   to do nothing about this threat.

Chapter 6. Errors

   There appear to be no threats related to procotol errors.

Chapter 7. Future Work

   The next steps are resolve the items marked ISSUE and to decide
   if the defenses proposed are reasonable. Discussion on the
   security@x.org mailing list, prototyping, and/or starting the
   implementation should help answer these questions.

Chapter 8. References

   Bellcore, "Framework Generic Requirements for X Window System
   Security," Technical Advisory FA-STS-001324, Issue 1, August
   1992.

   Dardailler, Daniel, "Motif Drag And Drop Protocol," unpublished
   design notes.

   Kahn, Brian L., "Safe Use of X WINDOW SYSTEM protocol Across a
   Firewall", unpublished draft, The MITRE Corporation, 1995.

   Rosenthal, David S. H., "LINX - a Less INsecure X server," Sun
   Microsystems, 29th April 1989.

   Rosenthal, David and Marks, Stuart W., "Inter-Client
   Communication Conventions Manual Version 2.0,"
   ftp://ftp.x.org/pub/R6.1/xc/doc/hardcopy/ICCCM/icccm.PS.Z

   Scheifler, Robert W., "X Window System Protocol,"
   ftp://ftp.x.org/pub/R6.1/xc/doc/hardcopy/XProtocol/proto.PS.Z

   Treese, G. Winfield and Wolman, Alec, "X Through the Firewall,
   and Other Application Relays," Digital Equipment Corporation
   Cambridge Research Lab, Technical Report Series, CRL 93/10, May
   3, 1993.
