X Transport Interface

X Consortium Standard

Stuart Anderson

   NCR Corporation

Ralph Mor

   X Consortium

Alan Coopersmith

   Oracle Corp.

   X Version 11, Release 7.7

   Version 0.7

   Copyright © 1993, 1994 NCR Corporation - Dayton, Ohio, USA

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     __________________________________________________________

   Table of Contents

   The X Transport Interface
   1. Purposes and Goals
   2. Overview of the Interface
   3. Definition of Address Specification Format
   4. Internal Data Structures

        Xtransport
        XtransConnInfo

   5. Exposed Transport Independent API

        Core Interface API
        Utility API

   6. Transport Option Definition
   7. Hidden Transport Dependent API
   8. Configuration
   9. Transport Specific Definitions
   10. Implementation Notes

The X Transport Interface

   Designed by Stuart Anderson (NCR) with help from Ralph Mor (X
   Consortium)

Note

   This documentation does not completely match the implementation
   in R6 (as a result of some late changes made in the code).
   Specifically, support was added for font server cloning, and
   conditional compliation was introduced for client vs. server
   code.

Chapter 1. Purposes and Goals

   The X Transport Interface is intended to combine all system and
   transport specific code into a single place in the source tree.
   This API should be used by all libraries, clients and servers
   of the X Window System. Use of this API should allow the
   addition of new types of transports and support for new
   platforms without making any changes to the source except in
   the X Transport Interface code.

   This interface should solve the problem of multiple #ifdef
   TRANSPORT and #ifdef PLATFORM statements scattered throughout
   the source tree.

   This interface should provide enough functionality to support
   all types of protocols, including connection oriented protocols
   such as X11 and FS, and connection-less oriented protocols such
   as XDMCP.

Chapter 2. Overview of the Interface

   The interface provides an API for use by applications. The
   functions in this API perform work that is common to all
   transports and systems, such as parsing an address into a host
   and port number. The functions in this API call transport
   specific functions that are contained in a table whose contents
   are defined at compile time. This table contains an entry for
   each type of transport. Each entry is a record containing
   mostly pointers to function that implements the interface for
   the given transport.

   This API does not provide an abstraction for select() or
   poll(). These functions are themselves transport independent,
   so an additional interface is not needed for these functions.
   It is also unclear how such an interface would affect
   performance.

Chapter 3. Definition of Address Specification Format

   Addresses are specified in the following syntax,
protocol/host:port

   where protocol specifies a protocol family or an alias for a
   protocol family. A definition of common protocol families is
   given in a later section.

   The host part specifies the name of a host or other transport
   dependent entity that could be interpreted as a Network Service
   Access Point (NSAP).

   The port part specifies the name of a Transport Service Access
   Point (TSAP). The format of the TSAP is defined by the
   underlying transport implementation, but it is represented
   using a string format when it is part of an address.

Chapter 4. Internal Data Structures

   Table of Contents

   Xtransport
   XtransConnInfo

   There are two major data structures associated with the
   transport independent portion of this interface. Additional
   data structures may be used internally by each transport.

Xtransport

   Each transport supported has an entry in the transport table.
   The transport table is an array of Xtransport records. Each
   record contains all the entry points for a single transport.
   This record is defined as:
typedef struct _Xtransport {

    char *TransName;
    int  flags;

    XtransConnInfo (*OpenCOTSClient)(
    struct _Xtransport *,     /* transport */
    char     *,     /* protocol */
    char     *,     /* host */
    char     *      /* port */
    );

    XtransConnInfo (*OpenCOTSServer)(
    struct _Xtransport *,     /* transport */
    char *,     /* protocol */
    char *,     /* host */
    char *      /* port */
    );

    XtransConnInfo (*OpenCLTSClient)(
    struct _Xtransport *,     /* transport */
    char *,               /* protocol */
    char *,               /* host */
    char *               /* port */
    );

    XtransConnInfo (*OpenCLTSServer)(
     struct _Xtransport *,   /* transport */
     char *,     /* protocol */
     char *,     /* host */
     char *     /* port */
    );

    int     (*SetOption)(
     XtransConnInfo,          /* connection */
     int,               /* option */
     int               /* arg */
    );

    int     (*CreateListener)(
     XtransConnInfo,          /* connection */
     char *,               /* port */
     int               /* flags */
    );

    int     (*ResetListener)(
     XtransConnInfo          /* connection */
    );

    XtransConnInfo (*Accept)(
     XtransConnInfo          /* connection */
    );

    int     (*Connect)(
     XtransConnInfo,          /* connection */
     char *,               /* host */
     char *               /* port */
    );

    int     (*BytesReadable)(
     XtransConnInfo,          /* connection */
     BytesReadable_t *     /* pend */
    );

    int     (*Read)(
     XtransConnInfo,          /* connection */
     char *,               /* buf */
     int               /* size */
    );

    int     (*Write)(
     XtransConnInfo,          /* connection */
     char *,               /* buf */
     int               /* size */
    );

    int     (*Readv)(
     XtransConnInfo,          /* connection */
     struct iovec *,          /* buf */
     int               /* size */
    );

    int     (*Writev)(
     XtransConnInfo,          /* connection */
     struct iovec *,          /* buf */
     int               /* size */
    );

    int     (*Disconnect)(
     XtransConnInfo          /* connection */
    );

    int     (*Close)(
     XtransConnInfo          /* connection */
    );

} Xtransport;

   The flags field can contain an OR of the following masks:

   TRANS_ALIAS

   indicates that this record is providing an alias, and should
   not be used to create a listener.

   TRANS_LOCAL

   indicates that this is a LOCALCONN transport.

   TRANS_ABSTRACT

   indicates that a local connection transport uses the abstract
   socket namespace.

   Some additional flags may be set in the flags field by the
   library while it is running:

   TRANS_DISABLED

   indicates that this transport has been disabled.

   TRANS_NOLISTEN

   indicates that servers should not open new listeners using this
   transport.

   TRANS_NOUNLINK

   set by a transport backend to indicate that the endpoints for
   its connection should not be unlinked.

XtransConnInfo

   Each connection will have an opaque XtransConnInfo transport
   connection object allocated for it. This record contains
   information specific to the connection. The record is defined
   as:
typedef struct _XtransConnInfo *XtransConnInfo;

struct _XtransConnInfo {
    struct _Xtransport     *transptr;
    char     *priv;
    int          flags;
    int          fd;
    int          family;
    char     *addr;
    int          addrlen;
    char     *peeraddr;
    int          peeraddrlen;
};

Chapter 5. Exposed Transport Independent API

   Table of Contents

   Core Interface API
   Utility API

   This API is included in each library and server that uses it.
   The API may be used by the library, but it is not added to the
   public API for that library. This interface is simply an
   implementation facilitator. This API contains a low level set
   of core primitives, and a few utility functions that are built
   on top of the primitives. The utility functions exist to
   provide a more familiar interface that can be used to port
   existing code.

   A macro is defined in Xtrans.h for TRANS(func) that creates a
   unique function name depending on where the code is compiled.
   For example, when built for Xlib, TRANS(OpenCOTSClient) becomes
   _X11TransOpenCOTSClient.

   All failures are considered fatal, and the connection should be
   closed and re-established if desired. In most cases, however,
   the value of errno will be available for debugging purposes.

Core Interface API

     * XtransConnInfo TRANS(OpenCOTSClient)(char *address)
       This function creates a Connection-Oriented Transport that
       is suitable for use by a client. The parameter address
       contains the full address of the server to which this
       endpoint will be connected. This functions returns an
       opaque transport connection object on success, or NULL on
       failure.
     * XtransConnInfo TRANS(OpenCOTSServer)(char *address)
       This function creates a Connection-Oriented Transport that
       is suitable for use by a server. The parameter address
       contains the full address to which this server will be
       bound. This functions returns an opaque transport
       connection object on success, or NULL on failure.
     * XtransConnInfo TRANS(OpenCLTSClient)(char *address)
       This function creates a Connection-Less Transport that is
       suitable for use by a client. The parameter address
       contains the full address of the server to which this
       endpoint will be connected. This functions returns an
       opaque transport connection object on success, or NULL on
       failure.
     * XtransConnInfo TRANS(OpenCLTSServer)(char *address)
       This function creates a Connection-Less Transport that is
       suitable for use by a server. The parameter address
       contains the full address to which this server will be
       bound. This functions returns an opaque transport
       connection object on success, or NULL on failure.
     * int TRANS(SetOption)(XtransConnInfo connection, int option,
       int arg)
       This function sets transport options, similar to the way
       setsockopt() and ioctl() work. The parameter connection is
       an endpoint that was obtained from _XTransOpen*()
       functions. The parameter option contains the option that
       will be set. The actual values for option are defined in a
       later section. The parameter arg can be used to pass in an
       additional value that may be required by some options. This
       function return 0 on success and -1 on failure.

Note
       Based on current usage, the complimentary function
       TRANS(GetOption) is not necessary.
     * int TRANS(CreateListener)(XtransConnInfo connection, char
       *port, int flags)
       This function sets up the server endpoint for listening.
       The parameter connection is an endpoint that was obtained
       from TRANS(OpenCOTSServer)() or TRANS(OpenCLTSServer)().
       The parameter port specifies the port to which this
       endpoint should be bound for listening. If port is NULL,
       then the transport may attempt to allocate any available
       TSAP for this connection. If the transport cannot support
       this, then this function will return a failure. The flags
       parameter can be set to ADDR_IN_USE_ALLOWED to allow the
       call to the underlying binding function to fail with a
       EADDRINUSE error without causing the TRANS(CreateListener)
       function itself to fail. This function return 0 on success
       and -1 on failure.
     * int TRANS(ResetListener)(XtransConnInfo connection)
       When a server is restarted, certain listen ports may need
       to be reset. For example, unix domain needs to check that
       the file used for communication has not been deleted. If it
       has, it must be recreated. The parameter connection is an
       opened and bound endpoint that was obtained from
       TRANS(OpenCOTSServer)() and passed to
       TRANS(CreateListener)(). This function will return one of
       the following values: TRANS_RESET_NOOP, TRANS_RESET_NEW_FD,
       or TRANS_RESET_FAILURE.
     * XtransConnInfo TRANS(Accept)(XtransConnInfo connection)
       Once a connection indication is received, this function can
       be called to accept the connection. The parameter
       connection is an opened and bound endpoint that was
       obtained from TRANS(OpenCOTSServer)() and passed to
       TRANS(CreateListener)(). This function will return a new
       opaque transport connection object upon success, NULL
       otherwise.
     * int TRANS(Connect)(XtransConnInfo connection, char
       *address)
       This function creates a connection to a server. The
       parameter connection is an endpoint that was obtained from
       TRANS(OpenCOTSClient)(). The parameter address specifies
       the TSAP to which this endpoint should connect. If the
       protocol is included in the address, it will be ignored.
       This function return 0 on success and -1 on failure.
     * int TRANS(BytesReadable)(XtransConnInfo connection,
       BytesReadable_t *pend);
       This function provides the same functionality as the
       BytesReadable macro.
     * int TRANS(Read)(XtransConnInfo connection, char *buf, int
       size)
       This function will return the number of bytes requested on
       a COTS connection, and will return the minimum of the
       number bytes requested or the size of the incoming packet
       on a CLTS connection.
     * int TRANS(Write)(XtransConnInfo connection, char *buf, int
       size)
       This function will write the requested number of bytes on a
       COTS connection, and will send a packet of the requested
       size on a CLTS connection.
     * int TRANS(Readv)(XtransConnInfo connection, struct iovec
       *buf, int size)
       Similar to TRANS(Read)().
     * int TRANS(Writev)(XtransConnInfo connection, struct iovec
       *buf, int size)
       Similar to TRANS(Write)().
     * int TRANS(Disconnect)(XtransConnInfo connection)
       This function is used when an orderly disconnect is
       desired. This function breaks the connection on the
       transport. It is similar to the socket function shutdown().
     * int TRANS(Close)(XtransConnInfo connection)
       This function closes the transport, unbinds it, and frees
       all resources that was associated with the transport. If a
       TRANS(Disconnect) call was not made on the connection, a
       disorderly disconnect may occur.
     * int TRANS(IsLocal)(XtransConnInfo connection)
       Returns TRUE if it is a local transport.
     * int TRANS(GetMyAddr)(XtransConnInfo connection, int
       *familyp, int *addrlenp, Xtransaddr **addrp)
       This function is similar to getsockname(). This function
       will allocate space for the address, so it must be freed by
       the caller. Not all transports will have a valid address
       until a connection is established. This function should not
       be used until the connection is established with Connect()
       or Accept().
     * int TRANS(GetPeerAddr)(XtransConnInfo connection, int
       *familyp, int *addrlenp, Xtransaddr **addrp)
       This function is similar to getpeername(). This function
       will allocate space for the address, so it must be freed by
       the caller. Not all transports will have a valid address
       until a connection is established. This function should not
       be used until the connection is established with Connect()
       or Accept().
     * int TRANS(GetConnectionNumber)(XtransConnInfo connection)
       Returns the file descriptor associated with this transport.
     * int TRANS(MakeAllCOTSServerListeners)(char *port, int
       *partial_ret, int *count_ret, XtransConnInfo
       **connections_ret)
       This function should be used by most servers. It will try
       to establish a COTS server endpoint for each transport
       listed in the transport table. partial_ret will be set to
       True if only a partial network could be created. count_ret
       is the number of transports returned, and connections_ret
       is the list of transports.
     * int TRANS(MakeAllCLTSServerListeners)( char *port, int
       *partial_ret, int *count_ret, XtransConnInfo
       **connections_ret)
       This function should be used by most servers. It will try
       to establish a CLTS server endpoint for each transport
       listed in the transport table. partial_ret will be set to
       True if only a partial network could be created. count_ret
       is the number of transports returned, and connections_ret
       is the list of transports.

Utility API

   This section describes a few useful functions that have been
   implemented on top of the Core Interface API. These functions
   are being provided as a convenience.
     * int TRANS(ConvertAddress)(int *familyp, int *addrlenp,
       Xtransaddr *addrp)
       This function converts a sockaddr based address to an X
       authorization based address (ie AF_INET, AF_UNIX to the X
       protocol definition (ie FamilyInternet, FamilyLocal)).

Chapter 6. Transport Option Definition

   The following options are defined for the TRANS(SetOption)()
   function. If an OS or transport does not support any of these
   options, then it will silently ignore the option.
     * TRANS_NONBLOCKING
       This option controls the blocking mode of the connection.
       If the argument is set to 1, then the connection will be
       set to blocking. If the argument is set to 0, then the
       connection will be set to non- blocking.
     * TRANS_CLOSEONEXEC
       This option determines what will happen to the connection
       when an exec is encountered. If the argument is set to 1,
       then the connection will be closed when an exec occurs. If
       the argument is set to 0, then the connection will not be
       closed when an exec occurs.

Chapter 7. Hidden Transport Dependent API

   The hidden transport dependent functions are placed in the
   Xtransport record. These function are similar to the Exposed
   Transport Independent API, but some of the parameters and
   return values are slightly different. Stuff like the #ifdef
   SUNSYSV should be handled inside these functions.
     * XtransConnInfo *OpenCOTSClient ( struct _Xtransport
       *thistrans, char *protocol, char *host, char *port)
       This function creates a Connection-Oriented Transport. The
       parameter thistrans points to an Xtransport entry in the
       transport table. The parameters protocol, host, and port,
       point to strings containing the corresponding parts of the
       address that was passed into TRANS(OpenCOTSClient)(). This
       function must allocate and initialize the contents of the
       XtransConnInfo structure that is returned by this function.
       This function will open the transport, and bind it into the
       transport namespace if applicable. The local address
       portion of the XtransConnInfo structure will also be filled
       in by this function.
     * XtransConnInfo *OpenCOTSServer ( struct _Xtransport
       *thistrans, char *protocol, char *host, char *port)
       This function creates a Connection-Oriented Transport. The
       parameter thistrans points to an Xtransport entry in the
       transport table. The parameters protocol, host, and port
       point to strings containing the corresponding parts of the
       address that was passed into TRANS(OpenCOTSClient)(). This
       function must allocate and initialize the contents of the
       XtransConnInfo structure that is returned by this function.
       This function will open the transport.
     * XtransConnInfo *OpenCLTSClient ( struct _Xtransport
       *thistrans, char *protocol, char *host, char *port)
       This function creates a Connection-Less Transport. The
       parameter thistrans points to an Xtransport entry in the
       transport table. The parameters protocol, host, and port
       point to strings containing the corresponding parts of the
       address that was passed into TRANS(OpenCOTSClient)(). This
       function must allocate and initialize the contents of the
       XtransConnInfo structure that is returned by this function.
       This function will open the transport, and bind it into the
       transport namespace if applicable. The local address
       portion of the XtransConnInfo structure will also be filled
       in by this function.
     * XtransConnInfo *OpenCLTSServer ( struct _Xtransport
       *thistrans, char *protocol, char *host, char *port)
       This function creates a Connection-Less Transport. The
       parameter thistrans points to an Xtransport entry in the
       transport table. The parameters protocol, host, and port
       point to strings containing the corresponding parts of the
       address that was passed into TRANS(OpenCOTSClient)(). This
       function must allocate and initialize the contents of the
       XtransConnInfo structure that is returned by this function.
       This function will open the transport.
     * int SetOption (struct _Xtransport *thistrans, int option,
       int arg)
       This function provides a transport dependent way of
       implementing the options defined by the X Transport
       Interface. In the current prototype, this function is not
       being used, because all of the options defined so far are
       transport independent. This function will have to be used
       if a radically different transport type is added, or a
       transport dependent option is defined.
     * int CreateListener (struct _Xtransport *thistrans, char
       *port, int flags )
       This function takes a transport endpoint opened for a
       server, and sets it up to listen for incoming connection
       requests. The parameter port contains the port portion of
       the address that was passed to the Open function. The
       parameter flags should be set to ADDR_IN_USE_ALLOWED if the
       underlying transport endpoint may be already bound and this
       should not be considered as an error. Otherwise flags
       should be set to 0. This is used by IPv6 code, where the
       same socket can be bound to both an IPv6 address and then
       to a IPv4 address. This function will bind the transport
       into the transport name space if applicable, and fill in
       the local address portion of the XtransConnInfo structure.
       The transport endpoint will then be set to listen for
       incoming connection requests.
     * int ResetListener (struct _Xtransport *thistrans)
       This function resets the transport for listening.
     * XtransConnInfo Accept(struct _Xtransport *thistrans)
       This function creates a new transport endpoint as a result
       of an incoming connection request. The parameter thistrans
       is the endpoint that was opened for listening by the
       server. The new endpoint is opened and bound into the
       transport's namespace. A XtransConnInfo structure
       describing the new endpoint is returned from this function
     * int Connect(struct _Xtransport *thistrans, char *host, char
       *port )
       This function establishes a connection to a server. The
       parameters host and port describe the server to which the
       connection should be established. The connection will be
       established so that Read() and Write() call can be made.
     * int BytesReadable(struct _Xtransport *thistrans,
       BytesReadable_t *pend )
       This function replaces the BytesReadable() macro. This
       allows each transport to have it's own mechanism for
       determining how much data is ready to be read.
     * int Read(struct _Xtransport *thistrans, char *buf, int size
       )
       This function reads size bytes into buf from the
       connection.
     * int Write(struct _Xtransport *thistrans, char *buf, int
       size )
       This function writes size bytes from buf to the connection.
     * int Readv(struct _Xtransport *thistrans, struct iovec *buf,
       int size )
       This function performs a readv() on the connection.
     * int Writev(struct _Xtransport *thistrans, struct iovec
       *buf, int size )
       This function performs a writev() on the connection.
     * int Disconnect(struct _Xtransport *thistrans)
       This function initiates an orderly shutdown of a
       connection. If a transport does not distinguish between
       orderly and disorderly disconnects, then a call to this
       function will have no affect.
     * int Close(struct _Xtransport *thistrans)
       This function will break the connection, and close the
       endpoint.

Chapter 8. Configuration

   The implementation of each transport can be platform specific.
   It is expected that existing connection types such as TCPCONN,
   UNIXCONN, LOCALCONN, and STREAMSCONN will be replaced with
   flags for each possible transport type.

   In X11R6, the below flags to enable transport types were set in
   ConnectionFlags in the vendor.cf or site.def config files.

   In X11R7 modular releases, these flags are set when running
   configure scripts which include the XTRANS_CONNECTION_FLAGS
   macro from xtrans.m4.
   #define configure flag Description
   TCPCONN --enable-tcp-transport Enables the INET (IPv4) Domain
   Socket based transport
   IPv6 --enable-ipv6 Extends TCPCONN to enable IPv6 Socket based
   transport
   UNIXCONN --enable-unix-transport Enables the UNIX Domain Socket
   based transport
   STREAMSCONN Not available in X11R7 Enables the TLI based
   transports
   LOCALCONN --enable-local-transport Enables the SYSV Local
   connection transports
   DNETCONN Not available in X11R7 Enables the DECnet transports

Chapter 9. Transport Specific Definitions

   Protocol Family Address Component
   protocol host port
   Internet inet inet6 tcp udp name of an internet addressable
   host string containing the name of a service or a valid port
   number. Example: "xserver0", "7100"
   DECnet decnet name of a DECnet addressable host string
   containing the complete name of the object. Example: "X$X0"
   NETware ipx name of a NETware addressable host Not sure of the
   specifics yet.
   OSI osi name of an OSI adressable host. Not sure of the
   specifics yet.
   Local local pts named sco isc (ignored) String containing the
   port name, ie "xserver0", "fontserver0".

Chapter 10. Implementation Notes

   This section refers to the prototype implementation that is
   being developed concurrently with this document. This prototype
   has been able to flush out many details and problems as the
   specification was being developed.

   In X11R6, all of the source code for this interface was located
   in xc/lib/xtrans.

   In X11R7, all of the source code for this interface is
   delivered via the lib/libxtrans modular package from X.Org, and
   is installed under ${prefix}/X11/Xtrans so that other modules
   may find it when they build.

   All functions names in the source are of the format
   TRANS(func)(). The TRANS() macro is defined as
#if (__STDC__ && !defined(UNIXCPP)) || defined(ANSICPP)
#define TRANS(func) _PROTOCOLTrans##func
#else
#define TRANS(func) _PROTOCOLTrans/**/func
#endif

   PROTOCOL will be uniquely defined in each directory where this
   code is compiled. PROTOCOL will be defined to be the name of
   the protocol that is implemented by the library or server, such
   as X11, FS, and ICE.

   All libraries and servers that use the X Transport Interface
   should have a new file called TRANSPORTtrans.c. This file will
   include the transports based on the configuration flags
   provided by the configure script. Below is an example
   xfstrans.c for the font server.
#include "config.h"

#define FONT_t 1
#define TRANS_REOPEN 1
#define TRANS_SERVER 1

#include <X11/Xtrans/transport.c>

   The source files for this interface are listed below.

   Xtrans.h

   Function prototypes and defines for the Transport Independent
   API.

   Xtransint.h

   Used by the interface implementation only. Contains the
   internal data structures.

   Xtranssock.c

   Socket implementation of the Transport Dependent API.

   Xtranstli.c

   TLI implementation of the Transport Dependent API.

   Xtransdnet.c

   DECnet implementation of the Transport Dependent API.

   Xtranslocal.c

   Implementation of the Transport Dependent API for SYSV Local
   connections.

   Xtrans.c

   Exposed Transport Independent API Functions.

   Xtransutil.c

   Collection of Utility functions that use the X Transport
   Interface.

   The file Xtransint.h contains much of the transport related
   code that was previously in Xlibint.h and Xlibnet.h. This will
   make the definitions available for all transport users. This
   should also obsolete the equivalent code in other libraries.
