mod_headers - Apache HTTP Server

Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4

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# Apache Module mod_headers

Available Languages: en | fr | ja | ko

Description: | Customization of HTTP request and response headers
Status: | Extension
Module Identifier: | headers_module
Source File: | mod_headers.c

### Summary

This module provides directives to control and modify HTTP request and response headers. Headers can be merged, replaced or removed.

### Directives

### Topics

- Order of Processing
- Early and Late Processing
- Examples

- Comments

## Order of Processing

The directives provided by `mod_headers` can occur almost anywhere within the server configuration, and can be limited in scope by enclosing them in configuration sections.

Order of processing is important and is affected both by the order in the configuration file and by placement in configuration sections. These two directives have a different effect if reversed:

    RequestHeader append MirrorID "mirror 12"
    RequestHeader unset MirrorID

This way round, the `MirrorID` header is not set. If reversed, the MirrorID header is set to "mirror 12".

## Early and Late Processing

`mod_headers` can be applied either early or late in the request. The normal mode is late, when Request Headers are set immediately before running the content generator and Response Headers just as the response is sent down the wire. Always use Late mode in an operational server.

Early mode is designed as a test/debugging aid for developers. Directives defined using the `early` keyword are set right at the beginning of processing the request. This means they can be used to simulate different requests and set up test cases, but it also means that headers may be changed at any time by other modules before generating a Response.

Because early directives are processed before the request path's configuration is traversed, early headers can only be set in a main server or virtual host context. Early directives cannot depend on a request path, so they will fail in contexts such as `<Directory>` or `<Location>`.

## Examples

1. Copy all request headers that begin with "TS" to the response headers:

                 Header echo ^TS

2. Add a header, `MyHeader`, to the response including a timestamp for when the request was received and how long it took to begin serving the request. This header can be used by the client to intuit load on the server or in isolating bottlenecks between the client and the server.

                 Header set MyHeader "%D %t"

   results in this header being added to the response:

   `MyHeader: D=3775428 t=991424704447256`

3. Say hello to Joe

       Header set MyHeader "Hello Joe. It took %D microseconds for Apache to serve this request."

   results in this header being added to the response:

   `MyHeader: Hello Joe. It took D=3775428 microseconds for Apache to serve this request.`

4. Conditionally send `MyHeader` on the response if and only if header `MyRequestHeader` is present on the request. This is useful for constructing headers in response to some client stimulus. Note that this example requires the services of the `mod_setenvif` module.

       SetEnvIf MyRequestHeader myvalue HAVE_MyRequestHeader
       Header set MyHeader "%D %t mytext" env=HAVE_MyRequestHeader

   If the header `MyRequestHeader: myvalue` is present on the HTTP request, the response will contain the following header:

   `MyHeader: D=3775428 t=991424704447256 mytext`

5. Enable DAV to work with Apache running HTTP through SSL hardware (problem description) by replacing https: with http: in the Destination header:

                 RequestHeader edit Destination ^https: http: early

6. Set the same header value under multiple non-exclusive conditions, but do not duplicate the value in the final header. If all of the following conditions applied to a request (i.e., if the `CGI`, `NO_CACHE` and `NO_STORE` environment variables all existed for the request):

       Header merge Cache-Control no-cache env=CGI
       Header merge Cache-Control no-cache env=NO_CACHE
       Header merge Cache-Control no-store env=NO_STORE

   then the response would contain the following header:

   `Cache-Control: no-cache, no-store`

   If `append` was used instead of `merge`, then the response would contain the following header:

   `Cache-Control: no-cache, no-cache, no-store`

7. Set a test cookie if and only if the client didn't send us a cookie

                 Header set Set-Cookie testcookie "expr=-z %{req:Cookie}"

## Header Directive

Description: | Configure HTTP response headers
Syntax: | `Header [condition] add|append|echo|edit|edit*|merge|set|unset header [value] [replacement] [early|env=[!]variable]|expr=expression]`
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess
Override: | FileInfo
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_headers
Compatibility: | Default condition was temporarily changed to "always" in 2.3.9 and 2.3.10

This directive can replace, merge or remove HTTP response headers. The header is modified just after the content handler and output filters are run, allowing outgoing headers to be modified.

The optional condition argument determines which internal table of responses headers this directive will operate against. Other components of the server may have stored their response headers in either the table that corresponds to `onsuccess` or the table that corresponds to `always`. "Always" in this context refers to whether headers you add will be sent during both a successful and unsucessful response, but if your action is a function of an existing header, you will have to read on for further complications.

The default value of `onsuccess` may need to be changed to `always` under the circumstances similar to those listed below. Note also that repeating this directive with both conditions makes sense in some scenarios because `always` is not a superset of `onsuccess` with respect to existing headers:

- You're adding a header to a non-success (non-2xx) response, such as a redirect, in which case only the table corresponding to `always` is used in the ultimate response.
- You're modifying or removing a header generated by a CGI script, in which case the CGI scripts are in the table corresponding to `always` and not in the default table.
- You're modifying or removing a header generated by some piece of the server but that header is not being found by the default `onsuccess` condition.

The action it performs is determined by the first argument (second argument if a condition is specified). This can be one of the following values:

`add`
  The response header is added to the existing set of headers, even if this header already exists. This can result in two (or more) headers having the same name. This can lead to unforeseen consequences, and in general `set`, `append` or `merge` should be used instead.
`append`
  The response header is appended to any existing header of the same name. When a new value is merged onto an existing header it is separated from the existing header with a comma. This is the HTTP standard way of giving a header multiple values.
`echo`
  Request headers with this name are echoed back in the response headers. header may be a regular expression. value must be omitted.
`edit`
`edit*`
  If this response header exists, its value is transformed according to a regular expression search-and-replace. The value argument is a regular expression, and the replacement is a replacement string, which may contain backreferences. The `edit` form will match and replace exactly once in a header value, whereas the `edit*` form will replace every instance of the search pattern if it appears more than once.
`merge`
  The response header is appended to any existing header of the same name, unless the value to be appended already appears in the header's comma-delimited list of values. When a new value is merged onto an existing header it is separated from the existing header with a comma. This is the HTTP standard way of giving a header multiple values. Values are compared in a case sensitive manner, and after all format specifiers have been processed. Values in double quotes are considered different from otherwise identical unquoted values.
`set`
  The response header is set, replacing any previous header with this name. The value may be a format string.
`unset`
  The response header of this name is removed, if it exists. If there are multiple headers of the same name, all will be removed. value must be omitted.

This argument is followed by a header name, which can include the final colon, but it is not required. Case is ignored for `set`, `append`, `merge`, `add`, `unset` and `edit`. The header name for `echo` is case sensitive and may be a regular expression.

For `set`, `append`, `merge` and `add` a value is specified as the next argument. If value contains spaces, it should be surrounded by double quotes. value may be a character string, a string containing format specifiers or a combination of both. The following format specifiers are supported in value:

Format | Description
--- | ---
`%%` | The percent sign
`%t` | The time the request was received in Universal Coordinated Time since the epoch (Jan. 1, 1970) measured in microseconds. The value is preceded by `t=`.
`%D` | The time from when the request was received to the time the headers are sent on the wire. This is a measure of the duration of the request. The value is preceded by `D=`. The value is measured in microseconds.
`%{VARNAME}e` | The contents of the environment variable `VARNAME`.
`%{VARNAME}s` | The contents of the SSL environment variable `VARNAME`, if `mod_ssl` is enabled.

### Note

The `%s` format specifier is only available in Apache 2.1 and later; it can be used instead of `%e` to avoid the overhead of enabling `SSLOptions +StdEnvVars`. If `SSLOptions +StdEnvVars` must be enabled anyway for some other reason, `%e` will be more efficient than `%s`.

For `edit` there is both a value argument which is a regular expression, and an additional replacement string.

The `Header` directive may be followed by an additional argument, which may be any of:

`early`
  Specifies early processing.
`env=[!]varname`
  The directive is applied if and only if the environment variable `varname` exists. A `!` in front of `varname` reverses the test, so the directive applies only if `varname` is unset.
`expr=expression`
  The directive is applied if and only if expression evaluates to true. Details of expression syntax and evaluation are documented in the ap_expr documentation.

Except in early mode, the `Header` directives are processed just before the response is sent to the network. These means that it is possible to set and/or override most headers, except for those headers added by the HTTP header filter, such as Content-Type.

## RequestHeader Directive

Description: | Configure HTTP request headers
Syntax: | `RequestHeader add|append|edit|edit*|merge|set|unset header [value] [replacement] [early|env=[!]variable]|expr=expression]`
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess
Override: | FileInfo
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_headers

This directive can replace, merge, change or remove HTTP request headers. The header is modified just before the content handler is run, allowing incoming headers to be modified. The action it performs is determined by the first argument. This can be one of the following values:

`add`
  The request header is added to the existing set of headers, even if this header already exists. This can result in two (or more) headers having the same name. This can lead to unforeseen consequences, and in general `set`, `append` or `merge` should be used instead.
`append`
  The request header is appended to any existing header of the same name. When a new value is merged onto an existing header it is separated from the existing header with a comma. This is the HTTP standard way of giving a header multiple values.
`edit`
`edit*`
  If this request header exists, its value is transformed according to a regular expression search-and-replace. The value argument is a regular expression, and the replacement is a replacement string, which may contain backreferences. The `edit` form will match and replace exactly once in a header value, whereas the `edit*` form will replace every instance of the search pattern if it appears more than once.
`merge`
  The request header is appended to any existing header of the same name, unless the value to be appended already appears in the existing header's comma-delimited list of values. When a new value is merged onto an existing header it is separated from the existing header with a comma. This is the HTTP standard way of giving a header multiple values. Values are compared in a case sensitive manner, and after all format specifiers have been processed. Values in double quotes are considered different from otherwise identical unquoted values.
`set`
  The request header is set, replacing any previous header with this name
`unset`
  The request header of this name is removed, if it exists. If there are multiple headers of the same name, all will be removed. value must be omitted.

This argument is followed by a header name, which can include the final colon, but it is not required. Case is ignored. For `set`, `append`, `merge` and `add` a value is given as the third argument. If a value contains spaces, it should be surrounded by double quotes. For `unset`, no value should be given. value may be a character string, a string containing format specifiers or a combination of both. The supported format specifiers are the same as for the `Header`, please have a look there for details. For `edit` both a value and a replacement are required, and are a regular expression and a replacement string respectively.

The `RequestHeader` directive may be followed by an additional argument, which may be any of:

`early`
  Specifies early processing.
`env=[!]varname`
  The directive is applied if and only if the environment variable `varname` exists. A `!` in front of `varname` reverses the test, so the directive applies only if `varname` is unset.
`expr=expression`
  The directive is applied if and only if expression evaluates to true. Details of expression syntax and evaluation are documented in the ap_expr documentation.

Except in early mode, the `RequestHeader` directive is processed just before the request is run by its handler in the fixup phase. This should allow headers generated by the browser, or by Apache input filters to be overridden or modified.

Available Languages: en | fr | ja | ko

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