set_mempolicy(2)

NAME
set_mempolicy - set default NUMA memory policy for a thread and its children

LIBRARY
NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access) policy library (libnuma, -lnuma)

SYNOPSIS
#include <numaif.h>

long set_mempolicy(int mode, const unsigned long *nodemask,
                   unsigned long maxnode);

DESCRIPTION
set_mempolicy() sets the NUMA memory policy of the calling thread, which consists of a policy mode and zero or more nodes, to the values specified by the mode, nodemask, and maxnode arguments.

A NUMA machine has different memory controllers with different distances to specific CPUs. The memory policy defines from which node memory is allocated for the thread.

This system call defines the default policy for the thread. The thread policy governs allocation of pages in the process's address space outside of memory ranges controlled by a more specific policy set by mbind(2). The thread default policy also controls allocation of any pages for memory-mapped files mapped using the mmap(2) call with the MAP_PRIVATE flag and that are only read (loaded) from by the thread and of memory-mapped files mapped using the mmap(2) call with the MAP_SHARED flag, regardless of the access type. The policy is applied only when a new page is allocated for the thread. For anonymous memory this is when the page is first touched by the thread.

The mode argument must specify one of MPOL_DEFAULT, MPOL_BIND, MPOL_INTERLEAVE, MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE, MPOL_PREFERRED, MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY, or MPOL_LOCAL (which are described in detail below). All modes except MPOL_DEFAULT require the caller to specify the node or nodes to which the mode applies, via the nodemask argument.

The mode argument may also include an optional mode flag. The supported mode flags are:

MPOL_F_NUMA_BALANCING (since Linux 5.12)
    When mode is MPOL_BIND, enable the kernel NUMA balancing for the task if it is supported by the kernel. If the flag isn't supported by the kernel, or is used with mode other than MPOL_BIND, -1 is returned and errno is set to EINVAL.

MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES (since Linux 2.6.26)
    A nonempty nodemask specifies node IDs that are relative to the set of node IDs allowed by the process's current cpuset.

MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES (since Linux 2.6.26)
    A nonempty nodemask specifies physical node IDs. Linux will not remap the nodemask when the process moves to a different cpuset context, nor when the set of nodes allowed by the process's current cpuset context changes.

nodemask points to a bit mask of node IDs that contains up to maxnode bits. The bit mask size is rounded to the next multiple of sizeof(unsigned long), but the kernel will use bits only up to maxnode. A NULL value of nodemask or a maxnode value of zero specifies the empty set of nodes. If the value of maxnode is zero, the nodemask argument is ignored.

Where a nodemask is required, it must contain at least one node that is on-line, allowed by the process's current cpuset context, (unless the MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES mode flag is specified), and contains memory. If the MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES is set in mode and a required nodemask contains no nodes that are allowed by the process's current cpuset context, the memory policy reverts to local allocation. This effectively overrides the specified policy until the process's cpuset context includes one or more of the nodes specified by nodemask.

The mode argument must include one of the following values:

MPOL_DEFAULT
    This mode specifies that any nondefault thread memory policy be removed, so that the memory policy "falls back" to the system default policy. The system default policy is "local allocation"—that is, allocate memory on the node of the CPU that triggered the allocation. nodemask must be specified as NULL. If the "local node" contains no free memory, the system will attempt to allocate memory from a "near by" node.

MPOL_BIND
    This mode defines a strict policy that restricts memory allocation to the nodes specified in nodemask. If nodemask specifies more than one node, page allocations will come from the node with the lowest numeric node ID first, until that node contains no free memory. Allocations will then come from the node with the next highest node ID specified in nodemask and so forth, until none of the specified nodes contain free memory. Pages will not be allocated from any node not specified in the nodemask.

MPOL_INTERLEAVE
    This mode interleaves page allocations across the nodes specified in nodemask in numeric node ID order. This optimizes for bandwidth instead of latency by spreading out pages and memory accesses to those pages across multiple nodes. However, accesses to a single page will still be limited to the memory bandwidth of a single node.

MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE (since Linux 6.9)
    This mode interleaves page allocations across the nodes specified in nodemask according to the weights in /sys/kernel/mm/mempolicy/weighted_interleave. For example, if bits 0, 2, and 5 are set in nodemask, and the contents of /sys/kernel/mm/mempolicy/weighted_interleave/node0, /sys/.../node2, and /sys/.../node5 are 4, 7, and 9, respectively, then pages in this region will be allocated on nodes 0, 2, and 5 in a 4:7:9 ratio.

MPOL_PREFERRED
    This mode sets the preferred node for allocation. The kernel will try to allocate pages from this node first and fall back to "near by" nodes if the preferred node is low on free memory. If nodemask specifies more than one node ID, the first node in the mask will be selected as the preferred node. If the nodemask and maxnode arguments specify the empty set, then the policy specifies "local allocation" (like the system default policy discussed above).

MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY (since Linux 5.15)
    This mode specifies a preference for nodes from which the kernel will try to allocate from. This differs from MPOL_PREFERRED in that it accepts a set of nodes versus a single node. This policy is intended to benefit page allocations where specific memory types (i.e., non-volatile, high-bandwidth, or accelerator memory) are of greater importance than node location.

MPOL_LOCAL (since Linux 3.8)
    This mode specifies "local allocation"; the memory is allocated on the node of the CPU that triggered the allocation (the "local node"). The nodemask and maxnode arguments must specify the empty set. If the "local node" is low on free memory, the kernel will try to allocate memory from other nodes. The kernel will allocate memory from the "local node" whenever memory for this node is available. If the "local node" is not allowed by the process's current cpuset context, the kernel will try to allocate memory from other nodes. The kernel will allocate memory from the "local node" whenever it becomes allowed by the process's current cpuset context.

The thread memory policy is preserved across an execve(2), and is inherited by child threads created using fork(2) or clone(2).

RETURN VALUE
On success, set_mempolicy() returns 0; on error, -1 is returned and errno is set to indicate the error.

ERRORS

EFAULT
    Part of all of the memory range specified by nodemask and maxnode points outside your accessible address space.

EINVAL
    mode is invalid. Or, mode is MPOL_DEFAULT and nodemask is nonempty, or mode is MPOL_BIND or MPOL_INTERLEAVE and nodemask is empty. Or, maxnode specifies more than a page worth of bits. Or, nodemask specifies one or more node IDs that are greater than the maximum supported node ID. Or, none of the node IDs specified by nodemask are on-line and allowed by the process's current cpuset context, or none of the specified nodes contain memory. Or, the mode argument specified both MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES and MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES. Or, the MPOL_F_NUMA_BALANCING isn't supported by the kernel, or is used with mode other than MPOL_BIND.

ENOMEM
    Insufficient kernel memory was available.

STANDARDS
Linux.

HISTORY
Linux 2.6.7.

NOTES
Memory policy is not remembered if the page is swapped out. When such a page is paged back in, it will use the policy of the thread or memory range that is in effect at the time the page is allocated.

For information on library support, see numa(7).

SEE ALSO
get_mempolicy(2), getcpu(2), mbind(2), mmap(2), numa(3), cpuset(7), numa(7), numactl(8)