# backend(7)

## Name

backend - cups backend transmission interfaces

## Synopsis

backend
backend job user title num-copies options [ filename ]

## Description

Backends are a special type of filter(7) which is used to send print data to and discover different devices on the system.

Like filters, backends must be capable of reading from a filename on the command-line or from the standard input, copying the standard input to a temporary file as required by the physical interface.

The command name (argv[0]) is set to the device URI of the destination printer. Starting with CUPS 1.1.22, any authentication information in argv[0] is removed, so backend developers are urged to use the DEVICE_URI environment variable whenever authentication information is required. The CUPS API includes a cupsBackendDeviceURI function for retrieving the correct device URI.

Back-channel data from the device should be relayed to the job filters by writing to file descriptor 3. The CUPS API includes the cupsBackChannelWrite function for this purpose.

## Device Discovery

When run with no arguments, the backend should list the devices and schemes it supports or is advertising to stdout. The output consists of zero or more lines consisting of any of the following forms:

        device-class scheme "Unknown" "device-info"
        device-class device-uri "device-make-and-model" "device-info"
        device-class device-uri "device-make-and-model" "device-info" "device-id"
        device-class device-uri "device-make-and-model" "device-info" "device-id" "device-location"

The device-class field is one of the following values:

direct
  The device-uri refers to a specific direct-access device with no options, such as a parallel, USB, or SCSI device.
file
  The device-uri refers to a file on disk.
network
  The device-uri refers to a networked device and conforms to the general form for network URIs.
serial
  The device-uri refers to a serial device with configurable baud rate and other options. If the device-uri contains a baud value, it represents the maximum baud rate supported by the device.

The scheme field provides the URI scheme that is supported by the backend. Backends should use this form only when the backend supports any URI using that scheme. The device-uri field specifies the full URI to use when communicating with the device.

The device-make-and-model field specifies the make and model of the device, e.g. "Acme Foojet 2000". If the make and model is not known, you must report "Unknown".

The device-info field specifies additional information about the device. Typically this includes the make and model along with the port number or network address, e.g. "Acme Foojet 2000 USB #1".

The optional device-id field specifies the IEEE-1284 device ID string for the device, which is used to select a matching driver.

The optional device-location field specifies the physical location of the device, which is often used to pre-populate the printer-location attribute when adding a printer.

## Permissions

Backends without world execute permissions are run as the root user. Otherwise, the backend is run using the unprivileged user account, typically "lp".

## Exit Codes

The following exit codes are defined for backends; C API constants defined in the <cups/backend.h> header file are defined in parenthesis:

0 (CUPS_BACKEND_OK)
  The print file was successfully transmitted to the device or remote server.
1 (CUPS_BACKEND_FAILED)
  The print file was not successfully transmitted to the device or remote server. The scheduler will respond to this by canceling the job, retrying the job, or stopping the queue depending on the state of the error-policy attribute.
2 (CUPS_BACKEND_AUTH_REQUIRED)
  The print file was not successfully transmitted because valid authentication information is required. The scheduler will respond to this by holding the job and adding the authentication-required job-reasons keyword.
3 (CUPS_BACKEND_HOLD)
  The print file was not successfully transmitted because it cannot be printed at this time. The scheduler will respond to this by holding the job.
4 (CUPS_BACKEND_STOP)
  The print file was not successfully transmitted because it cannot be printed at this time. The scheduler will respond to this by stopping the queue.
5 (CUPS_BACKEND_CANCEL)
  The print file was not successfully transmitted because one or more attributes are not supported. The scheduler will respond to this by canceling the job.
6 (CUPS_BACKEND_RETRY)
  The print file was not successfully transmitted because of a temporary issue. The scheduler will retry the job at a future time - other jobs may print before this one.
7 (CUPS_BACKEND_RETRY_CURRENT)
  The print file was not successfully transmitted because of a temporary issue. The scheduler will retry the job immediately without allowing intervening jobs.

All other exit code values are reserved.

## See Also

cupsd(8), cupsd.conf(5), filter(7),
http://localhost:631/help

## Copyright

Copyright 2007-2011 by Apple Inc.