Writing Methods<A NAME=63> </A>

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## Writing Methods

After we have declared the new widget class, we can write methods for this class to define its behavior. Methods are just a special type of TCL procedures and they are created by the `proc` command. There are, however, three requirements for methods. First, their names must be prefixed by the command name of their class. Second, they must accept at least one argument and the first argument that they accept must be called `w`. Third, the first command executed inside each method must be:

> `upvar #0 $w data`

For example, the following is an implementation of the invert method for the class TixArrowButton:

> `proc tixArrowButton:invert {w} {
> upvar #0 $w data
> set curDirection $data(-direction)
> case $curDirection {
> n {
> set newDirection s
> }
> s {
> set newDirection n
> }
> # ....
> }
> }`

Notice that the name of the method is prefixed by the command name of the class (`tixArrowButton`). Also, the first and only argument that it accepts is `w` and the first line it executes is ```upvar #0 $wdata`''.

The argument `w` specifies which widget instance this method should act upon. For example, if the user has issued the command

> `.up invert`

on an instance `.up` of the class tixArrowButton, the method `tixArrowButton:invert` will be called and the argument `w` will have the value `.up`.

The `invert` method is used to invert the direction of the arrow. Therefore, it should examine the variable `.up(-direction)`, which stores the current direction of the instance `.up`, and modify it appropriately. It turns out that in TCL, the only clean way to access an array whose name is stored in a variable is the ```upvar #0 $wdata`'' technique: essentially it tells the intepreter that the array data should be an alias for the global array whose name is stored in `$w`. We will soon see how the widget's methods use the data array.

Once the mysterious ```upvar #0 $wdata`'' line is explained, it becomes clear what the rest of the `tixArrowButton:invert` method does: it examines the current direction of the arrow, which is stored in `$data(-direction)` and inverts it.

- Declaring Public Methods